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Political Parties and Party Systems - Coggle Diagram
Political Parties and Party Systems
political parties
functions
parties as organizations
recruitment and training of political leaders
articulation and aggregation political interests
parties in government
organization and coordination of the parliament and government
parties in the electorate
mobilization, representation and education of citizens
types
catch-all parties
features
evolution of existing parties
large professionalized organization
heterogenous membership
private and corporate donations
examples
CDU (Germany, 1960s)
Liberal parties of Canada (1960s)
cartel parties
examples
PSOE (Spain)
OVP (Austria)
PvdA (NL)
notes
natural evolution out of mass and catch-all parties
parties characterized by professional party organization, strongly relies on modern techniques of communication
parties that are supposed to be typical in contemporary politics, characterized by its universal reliance on the state for its existence and function
not a large party, and no attempt to build larger party
No focus on on recruiting new members, some for legitimation, but they don't strive for it
complete reliances on state subsidies and access to state channels for communication to perform their functions
heavily criticized by political scientists and politicians (rise of the populist right, Thierry Baudet)
features
large professionalized organization
small membership
evolution of existing parties
state subsidies
mass parties
examples
Labour Party (UK, 1920s)
PASOK (Greece, 1970s)
notes
most prominent a century ago
emerged out of mass social movement (labour, religious)
originally tied to represent groups that were excluded from the political system
claimed to represent popular interest (working class/farmers/catholics)
large and intensive organization, huge number of collateral organizations
sizable and homogenous membership, individual or (more common) collective membership
voluntary work of members was the key source of labour
financed by movement that created these parties, crowdfunded, individual members were source of finance
features
large and intensive organization
mass homogenous membership
extra- parliamentary origin
fees from members and ancillary organizations
business-firm and entrepreneurial parties
examples
Forza (Italy)
Ano (Czech Republic)
notes
emerge as splinters of existing parties, or as projects of political entrepreneurs (rich businessmen, related to political elites)
minimal organization, minimal membership
financed by corporate and private sector and/or in combination with state subsidies
make up significant part of the electorate in some European countries
features
minimal formal organization
small membership
(extra-) parliamentary origin
corporate money (and state subsidies)
cadre parties
features
small (parliamentary) organization
elites are members
parliamentary origin
personal donations
examples
The Whiggs - liberal party (UK, 19th century)
party systems
types
Multi-party systems with alternating coalitions
features
100% alteration in government
more than two major parties
elections are decisive
examples
France
Sweden
notes
origins party systems
4 key cleavages
evolvement linked to...
political crises
change of electoral law (can lead to reconfiguration of party system)
emergence of new type of political actors, parties and alignments/cleavages
effects of different systems
effectiveness of policies
representation
cabinet composition
cabinet duration
two-party systems
examples
UK
Ghana
USA
features
100% alteration in government
elections are decisive
two major parties
polarized multi-party systems
features
no alteration in government
elections unimportant
more than two major parties
examples
Italy until 1993
Weimar Germany
multi-party systems with shifting coalitions
features
partial alteration in government
elections are not decisive
more than two major parties
examples
the Netherlands
Belgium
party systems with dominant parties
features
no alteration in government
elections not decisive
one party controls parliament/government
examples
South Africa
Botswana
relevance (Satori)
not in parliament? not relevant
either coalition potential or blackmail potential
features
two-part systems
centripetal competition
stability
alternation in office
two relevant parties
single-party government
multi-party systems
centrifugal competition
instability
lack of alternation
more than two relevant parties
coalition government