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Surgery and Antaomy - Coggle Diagram
Surgery and Antaomy
Galen
(Roman) - Anatomy
Why was he important at the time?
Galen said that the brain was important and proved that it controlled the body as opposed to what the Ancient Egyptians said about the brain being unimportant.
Studied human anatomy through his work as a Gladiator doctor
Wrote huge numbers of books
Said that the only way to understand the body was to study it, but dissection was banned so he had to dissect animals
Why is his legacy important?
Much of Galen's work was inaccurate (ie. lower jaw having 2 bones, shape of the liver, location of the kidneys, invisible holes in the heart to get blood from one side to the other)
His work was believed for 1500 years until the Renaissance
He hindered medicine because the Church wouldn't allow dissection or allow people to challenge Galen
Factors that helped
Key Individuals
Communication
Ibn Nafis
(Islamic World) - Surgery and Anatomy
Why was he important at the time?
Made very accurate observations about how the heart worked and connected to the lungs
Why is his legacy important?
No one made such accurate observations about the pulmonary circulatory system and circulation of blood and the heart and lungs until almost 500 years later
He was the first person to prove Galen wrong, but his findings weren't widely known in the West due to Church controls
Factors that helped
Individual Brilliance
Communication
Vesalius
(Renaissance) - Anatomy
Why was he important at the time?
Proved Galen wrong by dissecting human bodies.
Proved he was wrong about the way the heart worked, the shape of the liver, location of the kidneys and the human jaw having 2 bones
He wrote incredibly accurate and detailed books that were copied using the new Printing Press
Tabulae Sex
(1538)
The Fabric of the Human Body
(1543)
He ended the reign of Galen as the greatest anatomist and paved the way for others to challenge Galen
Why is his legacy important?
His books were so detailed that they transformed understanding of human anatomy to a point where they are still useful today
Geminus developed Vesalius' work further in Britain
Factors that helped
Key Individuals
Communication (the printing press sped this up)
Science and Technology (the printing press)
Religion (declining in power which made it less likely that those challenging Galen would be executed)
Pare
(Renaissance) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Army surgeon who ran out of boiling oil which he was using to cauterize gunshot wounds
Used an old Roman natural remedy of rose water, turpentine and egg yolk to treat the soldiers
He found that the soldiers whose wounds hadn't been cauterized were much healthier and in less pain as opposed to those who had been cauterized who were in a terrible state or were dead
This inspired him to stop cauterizing wounds and develop alternatives including ligatures to stitch wounds and blood vessels but infection remained a problem and ligatures weren't sterile
Why is his legacy important?
Wrote many books that were used for 350 years in surgery
Developed surgical tools that are still used today
Clowes developed Pare's work in Britain
Factors that helped
War
Chance
Individual Brilliance
Harvey
(Renaissance) - Anatomy
Why was he important at the time?
In 1628, he proved Galen wrong and said that the heart was a pump and that blood flowed around the body
Proved that blood could last for up to 12 weeks
Said that veins and arteries carried blood around the body and suggested that there were smaller vessels (capillaries) but he couldn't see them as microscopes weren't powerful enough
Why is his legacy important?
Didn't seem to immediately transform medicine, but 300 years later it was vital in the first heart transplant and the work of Christian Barnard
Factors that helped
Individual Brilliance
Science and Technology
Simpson
(Industrial Revolution) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Before Simpson, anaesthetics and pain really was very limited and fairly ineffective so people died from pain and operations had to be rushes (anaesthetics were ether - explosive and nitrous oxide - didn't really work)
Simpson discovered that chloroform could be inhaled and kept people asleep
This meant that surgery could be more controlled and accurate and that people were less likely to die from the shock caused by pain
However this led to surgeons becoming over confident. They did more invasive/ deeper surgery without knowing about germs
Although the problem of pain was dealt with, more people died from infection afterwards - this was known as 'The Black Period of Surgery' from 1847 - 1867
Why was his legacy important?
Work was not immediately completely beneficial - needed Germ Theory and Lister's work to end the Black Period of Surgery
Many people opposed the use of chloroform (The Church - pain in childbirth, The Army - manly to suffer pain, Patients - worried that they would be robbed, Surgeons - some patients died and they didn't want to risk their reputation).
It was only when Queen VIctoria used it in childbirth that people were more confident using it
Factors that helped
Key Individuals
Science and Technology
Chance
Lister
(Industrial Revolution) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
After Germ Theory was developed, the use of carbolic acid was used as an antiseptic to kill germs during surgery
Developed a spraying pump that sprayed the surgeons' hands and the wound and the equipment during the operation to kill any germs
He also soaked bandages in it
Death rate fell by 40% as a result of his work
Wasn't perfect, the acid damaged surgeons' and nurses' hands and it was quite unpleasant for them to work in an environment where they were constantly sprayed
Why was his legacy important?
2012 - Lister was recognised as the 'Father of Modern Surgery' as a result of his work by UK Universities
Carbolic acid isn't used in modern surgery, but it paved the way for surgeons to think of ways to kill germs in surgery
Factors that helped
Science and Technology
Key Individuals (links to Pasteur and Germ Theory)
Communication (he published his findings)
Halsted
(Industrial Revolution - 19th Century) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Helped to solve the problem of infection by killing germs, but Halsted developed this further by stopping them being there in the first place
Did this by using hats, gloves, masks and protective gowns in surgery
Why is his legacy important?
Surgeons still use protective clothing in the same way that Halsted told them to
Factors that helped
Key Individuals (built on the work of Lister)
Communication
Science and Technology
McIndoe
(20th Century) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Developed plastic surgery during WW2 to give skin grafts to patients who had been burned by aircraft fuel
Developed a technique that allowed skin to be gradually grafted from one part of the body to another 'tube pedicle'
Massively worked with survivors on self-esteem following disfiguring accidents and burns
Why was his legacy important?
Saved hundreds of soldiers and although the technique is no longer used, scientists built on his work to understand how tissue can be transplanted from one part of the body to another without major damage
Factors that helped
War
Key Individuals
Communication
Science and Technology
Barnaard
(20th Century) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Successfully performed the first heart transplant and the patient survived for 18 days
This was possible due to the huge developments in Science and Technology and the chance discovery of the drug 'cyclosporine' which stopped the patient rejecting the new organ by stopping their immune system
However, this drug made them weak and vulnerable to other infections
Why is his legacy important?
Work led to others refining the operation and other organ transplant operations
Factors that helped
Key Individuals (built on the work of Harvey in terms of understanding the heart)
Chance (discovery of cyclosporine)
Science and Technology
Communication
Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca
(Middle Ages) - Surgery
Why was he important at the time?
Hugh and his son, Theodoric were army surgeons who realised that it was very important ot keep wounds clean
They said that pus was a bad sign of an unhealthy wound and it showed that the wound must be kept clean - they used wine as an antiseptic
Other surgeons at the time encouraged pus and thought that it meant that the body was getting rid of toxins so instead of cleaning wounds they just cauterized them
Why is his legacy important?
Hugh and Theodoric wrote a book but it went against Hippocratic ideas so was mostly ignored by surgeons at the time
Factors that helped
Individual Brilliance
Communication
War
John Hunter
(Early Industrial Revolution) - Surgery and Anatomy
Why is his legacy important?
Made surgery a formally respected profession
Developed new techniques for treating wounds and illnesses such as aneurisms
Why was he important at the time?
Widely credited with founding "scientific surgery" - collected human and animal specimens and studied them to develop better surgical techniques
Opposed opening up wounds unless it was to remove shrapnel and broken bones
Made surgery more respectable and professional through his teaching and his experiments to support his ideas
Ideas were controversial and some were suspicious of his methods - suspected of grave robbing
Factors that helped
Individual Brilliance
Communication
Scientific Method