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Immune system- Michelle Llamas p.6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - innate ( non specific ) defenses
      - adaptive (specific) defenses
  - - - lymphatic vessels & lymphoid tissues or organs
    - - afferent lymphatic vessel
        
        lymph node
        
        efferent lymphatic vessel
        
        lymphatic trunk
        
        collecting duct
        
        subclavian vein
        
        1 more item...
- - - - masses of lymphatic tissues
      - tonsil, appendix, peyers patches
    - - lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
- - - - respond rapidly
      - born with it
      - 1. Species resistance
        
        species is resistant to disease
      - 2. Mechanical Barriers
        
        first line of defense
        
        unbroken sink and mucous membrane of body create a physical mechanical barriers
        
        skin, hair, mucus, sweat
      - 3. Chemical Barriers
        
        highly acidic and caustic environment by lysozyme in tears - kill pathogen
        
        Interferons: hormone like peptides, produced by cells when infected with viruses and induce cells to produce antiviral enzymes, stimulate phagocytosis
        
        stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes
      - 4. Natural Killers
        
        lymphocyte that defends body from virus and cancer cell
        
        secrete cytolytic substance ( perforins)
        
        NK cell secrete chemical & enhance inflammation
      - 5. Inflammation
        
        response to pathogen
        
        redness, swelling, heat, pain
        
        dilation of vessel, increase blood volume, invasion of white blood cells, fibroblasts
      - 6. Phagocytosis
        
        most active -- neutrophils & monocytes
        
        neutrophils engulf small particles
        
        monocytes attack large ones
        
        monocytes give rise to macrophages
        
        remove foreign particles from lymph
      - 6. Fever
        
        iron in blood is reduced, few nutrients support the pathogens
        
        phagocytes attack when temp rises
    - - develop slowly overtime
      - body learns over time
      - carried out by lymphocytes
      - 3rd line of defense
      - when pathogen entered & contacts body
      - Antigens: anything that triggers an immune response
      - cytokines: communicate w/ other cells to start response
      - Chemokines: released by infected cells to start immune response
      - Lymphocytes: become t/ B lymphocyte
      - 2. Cell Mediated immunity or cellular immune response
      - 1. Humoral immune response or antibody mediated immune response
      - antibodies: secreted by plasma cells, binding specifically to antigens
- - - - called cellular immune response
- - - - IgG- Monomer crosses placenta & provide passive immunization to fetus
      - IgM: Pentamer : antigen receptor on B cell membrane
      - IgD: Monomer: receptor of mature B cell
      - IgA: Dimer: protect mucosal surfaces
      - IgE: Monomer: binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger release of histamine, contribute to inflammation
    - - Opsonization: act as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytosis
      - Complement fixation: occur when complement protein attach to antigen or foreign substance & activate immunity
      - Neutralization: work as antitoxins, block effect of certain bacteria
      - Agglutination: clump with other antibodies to form clots in blood
      - Precipitation: antigen- antibody, less likely to spread
  - - - activeimmunity
        
        develop in response to infection or vaccine
        
        Natural
        
        antibodies developed in response to an infection
        
        artificial
        
        antibodies developed in response to a vaccine
      - Passive Immunity
        
        develop after you receive antibody from someone or somewhere else
        
        Natural
        
        Antibodies received from mother
        
        artificial
        
        antibodies received from a medicine from gamma globulin injection or infusion
- - - - direct destruction of virus & mutant cells
      - cell mediated immunity
      - interact directly with antigen
    - - secrete antibody , lead to destruction of foreign material
      - humoral immunity
      - cells interact indirectly & produce antibodies to attack antigens
- - - - unprotected sex: vaginal, oral, anal
      - sharing unsterilized needles or syringes: using drugs or healthcare setting w/ HIV positive person
      - during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding: HIV positive mother to her baby
      - blood transfusion: infected blood
    - - fever, diarrhea, cough, rash. blisters, swollen lymph gland
    - - abstinence, safe sex etc