Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lymphatic / Immune system Sofia Bernal …
Lymphatic / Immune
system Sofia Bernal
Period.6
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Immune
Functions of the body's defense against infectious pathogen
Keeps the pathogens out and attack any that do enter the body.
Lymphatic
Return clean fluids and leaked proteins back to the blood.
Drain excess fluid from tissue.
Plays am essential role in body defenses and resistance to disease.
Anatomy of the lymphatic system
Lymph a fluid that is carried by lymphatic the lymphatic vessels returning materials to the blood.
Lymphatic tissue contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells.
Lymph nodules are compact masses of lymphatic tissues making up the tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches
Lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
The lymph nodes
The lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages
They are located along the lymphatic vessels and are bean shaped with blood vessels nerves and efferent lymphatic vessels attached
They are covered with connective tissue that extends inside the nodes and splits into nodules and spaces called sinuses
Lymphocytes
T cells
T cells cause the direct destruction of virus invaded cell and mutant cells
Involved in the cell-mediated immunity
B cells
B cells secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material
Involved in the humoral or antibody which is the mediated immunity
Made an develops in the bone marrow and thymus
Thymus
Located behind the sternum shrinking in size during the lifetime
Surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that extends inside it and divides into lobules
Lobules contain Lymphocytes that leave the thymus to provide immunity.
Spleen
The bodies largest lymphatic organ and is located in the upper left of the abdominal cavity
Resembles a large lymph node except that it contains blood instead of lymph
Composed of white pulp and red pulp
The spleen filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
Bone Marrow
Site of blood cells and immature lymphocyte formation and B lymphocyte or B cell maturation
Tonsils
composed of three masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth and throat
palatin tonsils "the tonsils"
Pharyngeal tonsils also known as adenoids
Lingual tonsils
Usually subject to chronic infection
Enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils may impair one's breathing.
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate
The innate response is rapid
Your "born with" this immunity
include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever
Species resistance is when a whole species is resistant to a disease that harshly affect other species
Mechanical Barriers is the bodies second line 1st line of defense these barriers are the skin an mucous of the body. These include the skin, hair, mucus, and sweat
Chemical Barriers are highly acidic environment like gastric juice. Which kills many pathogens this also is the case with tears.
NK cells are a type of lymphocyte that defends the body against various viruses by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins.
Inflammation is a tissue response to a Pathogen usually causing redness, swelling, heat, and sometimes pain
Phagocytes leave the bloodstream at areas of injury
Adaptive
Develops slowly and takes some time
The body "learns" this immunity during its lifetime
carried out by lymphocytes that recognize a specific invader
uses the cellular and humoral immune response
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral
1.
B cell may become activated and produce a clone cell of cells when it encounters its matching antigen
2.
A helper T cell encounters a B cell that has itself encountered an antigen the T cell releases cytokines that activate B cells to divide and form clones.
3.
Some B cell become plasma cells producing and secreting antibodies
4.
Some B cells become memory B cells to respond to future encounters with the antigens
5.
Antibodies mediate immune response is also called humoral immune response.
Cellular
1.
Activation starts with the presence of antigen from B cell or macrophage that has encountered the antigen
2.
The antigen on the macrophage must be on its major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein then the T cell will activate if it fits its receptor
3.
Activated T cells interact directly with antigen cells the contact is a cellular immune response or cell-mediated immunity.
4.
T cells synthesize and secrete cytokines that will enchance cellular response to antigens
5.
A helper T cell stimulates B cell to produce antibodies for displayed antigen
6.
Cytotoxic T cells continually monitoring the body and eliminating recognized tumor and virus infected cells.
Antigens and antibodies
Soluble protein secreted by plasma cells that are derived from B cells
Carried by body fluids, capable of binding specifically to antigens
Five major types of antibodies IgG,IgA,IgM,IgD,IdE
Complement fixation- occurs when complement proteins attach to antigen of foreign substances such as bacteria and activates immunity
Opsonization- some act as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytosis
Neutralization- some work as antitoxins, blocking the effects of poisons produced by certain bacteria.
Agglutination- some clump with other antibodies to form clots in blood, used for blood typing
Precipitation- antigen- antibody complex becomes so large it is insoluble and less likely to spread.
If the same antigen is encountered again, memory cells can mount a more rapid, and generally long - lasting response, known as the secondary immune response.
Cells involved in the immune system
Antigens
Proteins, polysacharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids that can trigger immune response.
Can be an entire pathogen or a part of it
Basically, anything that can cause an immune response
Antigens are generally larger and more complex molecules.
Lymphocytes
during fetal development, red bone marrow releases lymphocytes into circulation, 70%-80% of which become T lymphocytes and the remainder becomes B lymphocytes
Undifferentiated lymphocytes that reach the thymus becomes T cells ; Be cells mature in the bone marrow
Both B and T cells reside in lymphatic organs
Cytokines & Chemokines
Cytokines
molecules that signal cells
used to communicate with other cells to start an immune response
Chemokines
Released by infected cells to start an immune response
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions to allergens are excessive immune responses that may lead to tissue damage
An immediate reaction is an inherited ability to overproduce IgE
A delayed reaction allergy results from repeated exposure to substances that cause inflammatory reactions in the skin
Allergies
Many small molecules are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins
The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein-hapten combination.
Immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells.
Mucosa of respiratory and digestive tract produce sticky mucus to trap micro-organisms
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome can take many years to develop
Eventually the virus kills or impairs more and more cells in the immune system and the body loses the ability to fight off commoninfections, such as diarrhea or colds.
AIDS is diagnosed when your white blood cell count is at 200 cells/mm or lower and you have an oppurtunistic infection.
HIV
Short for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
Once infected with HIV a person is HIV positive. A person can feel and look healthy for a long time after first becoming infected.
Can be transmitted through unprotected sexual context, sharing unsterilized needles or syringes, during pregnancy or birth and through breast feeding, also blood transfusion with infected blood