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Equine Urinary Disease - Coggle Diagram
Equine Urinary Disease
anatomy
kidney
left
palpable on rectal
@ 16th ICS-PLF
near spleen
L shaped
right
@ 14th-17th ICS
near liver
heart shaped
not palpable through abdominal walls
ureters
shouldn't palpable on rectal
bladder
palpable per rectum
urethra
partially palpable
2-3cm in F
75-90 in males
catheratization is straightforward
don't forget about smegma beans in boys!
functions
regulates water and e- balance
controls acid-base balance
eliminates metabolic waste products and drugs
regulates erythrocyte production (EPO)
regulates arterial pressure (renin/angiotensin)
regulates active vitamin production
diagnostic testing
urinalysis
free catch urine collection
upon standing after a recumbent rest
racehorses are conditioned to urinate on cue
on return to stall after exercise
normal appearance
cloudy appearance
mucus
CaCO3 crystals
SG 1.020 to 1.050
dilute in neonates
alkaline pH
WBC <10/hbf
RBC <10/hpf
positive blood on dipstick
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
hematuria
cytological exam :+1:
renal US
transabdominal + per rectum
guides renal biopsy
renal pelvis v echgenic
bladder and urethra also easy to image
endoscopy
v useful for evaluation of urethra, bladder, ureters
performed under stading sedation
get a long scope ferda
azotemia
pre-renal
causes
dehydration
hypovolemia
dehydration
acute blood loss
shock
sepsis
endotoxemic
hypotension
renal hypoperfusion
reduced GFR
can be rapidly reversed
CS
underlying cause
dehydration
hypovolemia
USG >1.035
Cr <5mg/dL
fluid therapy
over >50% reduction in serum Cr
marked improvement
renal
failure of the kidneys to adequately filter waste production
nephron dysfxn
acute
often reversible
usually related to prolonged hypoperfusion or nephrotoxins
chronic
gradual progressive loss of nephron fxn
permanent
renal dysfxn
CS
depression
anorexia
USG <1.020
Cr >5mg/dL
mild improvement with fluid therapy
increased Cr and BUN
post-renal
causes
urinary obstruction
urinary tract rupture
bladder
neonates will
urethra
backpressure impairs renal fxn
acute renal failure/disease
glomerulonephritis
can result in ARF or CRF
proteinuria
protein:Cr ratio > 2:1
deposition of immunoglobin or complement in the glomerulus basement membrane
chronic viral (EA) or bacterial (Streptococ) infection
progressive loss of glomeruli
uncommon
chronic renal
syndromes
chronic interstitial nephritis
causes
can be developmental abnormality
present with CRF as young adults (<10y)
no history of ARF
urinary obstriction
pyelonephritis
amyloidosis
progression from acute tubular necrosis
can be drug-induced