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Biomedical Engineering, ijms-20-00722-g001-550, cochlear-implant…

- - - - Interior
        
        Cochlear Implants
        
        Pacemakers
      - Exterior
        
        Prosthetics
      - Q. How can we ensure an equal access to expensive technologies that treat illnesses, promote longevity and enhance patients’ quality of life?
        
        Q. Why is there not more of an emphasis placed on designing more attainable and reliability/robust devices to those in third world countries, rather than creating more expensive innovations that are only accessible by those with good insurance/ living standards?
    - - Biomedical Modelling
        
        Numerical Aquisition
        
        Solid Modelling
        
        Segmentation, Smoothing Filter, Surface mode, solid model
        
        Data Aquisition
        
        DICOM
        
        Ultrasound, MRI, CT, X-Ray
      - Prototyping
        
        Subtractive
        
        CNC (removes material)
        
        Additive
        
        FDM (layered thermoplastics by nossle)
        
        SLS (layered powdered material by laser)
        
        SLA (layered photoactive resin by laser)
      - Manufacturing
        
        Patient Specific
        
        Modular
      - Image Artefacts for Motion: blurring, streaking, loss of res.
        
        To Prevent: Improving technology (i.e. Clinical Trials with Small Animals)
        
        To fix: Image Reconstruction
        
        Result:
        
        Clinical Interpretation compromise
        
        Accurate quantification compromise
      - Anatomy (structure)
        
        CT
        
        MRI
      - Physiology (function)
        
        Emission Tomography
        
        SPECT (1x gamma ray)
        
        PET (2x gamma ray)
  - - - Bioceramic
        
        Joint replacement (prevents fibrous tissue from forming around artificial joint)
      - Polymers
        
        Soft Tissue Application
        
        Hydrogels
      - Metallic
        
        Wear Particles (bone loss)
    - - Bio Inks
    - - Applications
        
        Therapeutics (Controlled drug delivery, targeted cell killing)
        
        Diagnostics and Imaging
      - In vitro / In vivo
      - NP Materials
        
        Organic
        
        Liposomes, dendrimers, Carbon, Viral
        
        Inorganic
        
        Metallic (Gold), Quantum Dots
    - - Physical Modelling (Gel / ex-vivo tissue)
      - Electrical Impedance Tomography
      - Computational modelling
- - - - Heart
      - Myosin
      - Cerebral Palsy
        
        Prevention
        
        Treatment
        
        Cure (link with stem cells)
    - - Sensory
      - Motor
        
        Muscles / Glands
      - Nervous System
        
        Afflictions
        
        Anxiety Disorders, Addiction, Obesity
        
        Chronic Pain
        
        Bionic Devices
        
        Spinal Cord Simulation
        
        Cochlear Implants
        
        Deep Brain Simulation (Parkinsons Disease)
        
        Bionic Eye (Blindness)
        
        Central
        
        Peripheral
    - - Lungs
    - - Compact bone (Osteons)
        
        Bone Cells
        
        Osteoblasts (Bone formation)
        
        Osteocytes (Mature Bone)
        
        Osteoclasts (Bone Removal)
      - Cancellous Bone (Trabeculae)
      - Joint Replacements due to bone loss
    - - Endochondral Ossification
      - Joint Cartilage
  - - - Diffusion (changing geometry)
    - - Blood Pressure
  - - - Sleep Apnoea
        
        Fluid Dynamics (Flow of liquid and gas)
      - Insomnia
      - Parasomnia
      - Narcolepsy
    - - REM
      - NREM (light sleep, slow-wave sleep etc.)
    - - Expensive, time-consuming, inconvenient, uncomfortable
    - - Low cost physiological data collection
      - Modern machine learning methods
      - Longitudinal data capture
- - - - Q. What are ethical limitations of using patient data, collected automatically from medical devices and technology - often without the patient knowing?
        
        Q. Should it be the responsibility of a patient to decipher whether or not their data is released to the public?
    - - Q.What effect will AI-based medical care have on the relationship between patients and their doctors?
  - - - FDA
      - TGA
      - CE
    - - Breast Implant Case Study