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LymphImmune System, Natalie Perez, P.5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - drain the extra tissue fluid from space outside of cells
      - protect body from foreign invaders that can cause illness
      - maintain body fluid levels
      - absorb digestive tract fats
      - remove cellular waste
- - - - Thymus
        
        located in throat, active in immune response; site of maturation of T lymphocytes
      - Red Bone Marrow
        
        located inside bones, create immune cells & blood cells
    - - Lymph Nodes
        
        filters lymph ; contains macrophages & lymphocytes
      - Tonsils
        
        located in mouth & nose; work to capture bacteria that enter mouth or nose
      - Spleen
        
        largest lymphoid organ, located above intestines; keep blood from circulating & clean by removing damaged red blood cells & breaking them down to keep the best components
      - Peyer's Patches
        
        located inside intestines to monitor bacteria living there;
      - Appendix
        
        wormlike sac attached to the cerium of large intestine
- - - - 1st: external body membranes (skin & mucosae)
        
        Acid: acidity of skin & some mucous secretions inhibits growth
        
        Enzymes: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, & lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
        
        Mucin: sticky mucus that lines digestive & respiratory tract traps microorganisms
      - 2nd: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, & other cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
        
        Phagocytes: WBCs that ingest & digest foreign invaders
        
        Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, die fighting; become phagocyte on exposure to infectious material
        
        Macrophages: develop from monocytes & are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
        
        Natural Killer Cells: kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells & virus-infected cells
        
        Inflammation: triggered whenever body tissues = injured
        
        prevent spread if damaging agents
        
        disposes of cell debris & pathogens
        
        alerts adaptive immune system & sets stage for repair
  - - - specific defensive system eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in body
      - characteristic of adaptive immunity
        
        Specific: recognizes & targets specific antigens
        
        Systemic: not restricted to initial site
        
        Memory: mounts an even stronger attack to "known" antigens (2nd & subsequent exposures)
        
        2 main branches of adaptive
        
        Humoral
        
        Cellular
- - - - can be complete or incomplete antigen
      - contain antigenic determinants
      - can be a self-antigen
    - - all cells covered with variety of proteins located on surface that aren't antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
    - - don't respond to specific antigens; play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
        
        Denrite Cells: in CT & epidermis (act as mobile sentinels of boundary tissue)
        
        Macrophages: widely distributed in CT & lymphoid organs
        
        B lymphocytes: produces antibodies specific for particular antigen and are then produced
  - - - overall T or Y shaped & consists of 4 looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
    - - Antibodies don't destroy antigens; they inactivate & tag them
      - Form antigen-antibody complexes
      - Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
- - - - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells
  - - - Rheumatoid arthritis: destroys joints
      - Myosthenia Gravis: impairs nerve-muslce connections
      - Multiple Sclerosis: destroys white matter myelin
      - Graves' disease: causes hyperthyroidism
      - Type 1 diabetes mellitus: destroys pancreatic cells
      - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): affects multiple organs
      - Glomerulonephritis: damages kidney