Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LymphImmune System Melissa Maldonado p.5, lymph, immune, primaryimmune,…
LymphImmune System Melissa Maldonado p.5
Major Functions of the Lymphatic/Immune system
Lymphatic System
Function
To transport fluids back to the blood
return any excess amount of interstitial fluid to the Cardiovascular System
Defends against any infectious disease and cancer
Lymph Organs/ Anatomy
Lymph nodes
Cleanse the lymph
site for lymphocyte proliferation and activation
Spleen
clean blood/remove aged and defected red blood cells
stores platelets, moncytes, and iron
Malt
prevents any pathogens fro entering the mucous membrane
site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Thymus
Site of T-cell maturation
stores immature lymphocytes
Red bone marrow
red blood cells are formed here
Both B and T cells originate in red bone marrow
Peyer's Patches
on the walls of small intestine
protects against the entry of any pathogens
Tonsils
filter out bacteria
produce antibodies and are located inside your throat
Appendix
Helps with development of B lymphocytes/ antibodies
Immune System
Function
Provides resistance to disease (pathogens)
Removes any cells that are dead or damaged
Removes any cells that are abnormal
Immune Response
The function is defend itself from any harmful invaders
Steps
4) Helper t cells activate the cytotoxic T and B c ells
5) Then the B cells make plasma cells
3)Through the macrophages helper T cells are activated
6)Through the plasma cells antibodies are made and they bind to the antigen
2) A macrophage eats the virus and displays antigen
7) These antibodies attach to the virus
1) The body is infected by a virus
8) Then cytotoxic T cells come and destroy the infected cells
Immune Defenses
Innate(natural) Immune defenses
A nonspecific immune response and is present from birth
1st line of defense: surface barriers
Skin: Chemical and physical barrier
Mucosae: prevents epithelial cell entrance
Ex: Mucin lines digestive/ respiratory tract and traps microorganisms
2nd line of defense: Internal defenses
Phagocytes
Macrophages: help activate T-cells
neutrophils: white blood cell that ingest microorganisms
Natural Killer cells
Induce apoptosis
destroy cancer cells and other infected cells
Inflammation
Dispose cell debris
sets up tissue repair as well as prevent spread of damage
Fever
limits the growth of bacteria
increase cell proliferation
Antimicrobial proteins
Attack microorganisms directly
prevent any reproduction of microorganism
Adaptive(Acquired) Immune defenses
3rd line of defense
attacks a particular foreign substance
relies on antigens to get the job done
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels
Function: Return lymph(tissue fluid) back to the blood.
moves the lymph towards the heart
Characteristics
thin walls
bacteria, cell debris and viruses are able to enter
Lymphoid Tissue
consist of organs and cells
for example white blood cells (leukocytes)
Lymph nodes
has lymphocytes and macrophages
Protects the body by taking away any bacteria from lymph fluid
Lymphatic capillaries
absorb any leak fluid and are small vessels between blood capillaries
Humoral/ Cellular response
Humoral Response(adaptive immune system)
contains B cells that produce antibodies
they bind temporarily to the target cell
antibody produced by lymphocyte
Cellular Immunity(adaptive immune system)
mediated by T cells
directly they kill infected cell
Indirectly kill the infected cell by releasing a chemical which enhance inflammatory response/macrophages
Humoral Immunity
Active
Naturally acquired
Ex pathogens, infections
Artificially acquired
Ex: vaccine
Passive
Naturally
Antibodies from fetus to the mother through the placenta
breast milk
Artificially
Ex: Injection
Exogenous antibodies (outside body)
Antigens/ Antibodies :
Antigen
a foreign molecule that is recognized by the immune system
targets all the adaptive immune responses
hapten (an incomplete antigen)
immuogen : the antigens that induce the immune response
foreign antigens: substances produced by certain viruses
Antigen -Presenting Cells
Function is to present fragments of antigens to T cells
1) Dendritic Cells : stimulate T lymphocytes, generate MHC peptide complexes
2) Macrophages: When they are activated they become phagocytic killer
3) B Lymphocyte: present peptides through MHC 2, recognize antigen
Antibodies
Function: protective protein secreted by plasma cell
latch onto the antigen in order to remove it from the body
NATURALIZATION
The anti body blocks a specific site so the virus can not get through
This prevents the antigens from binding to the receptors
AGGLUTINATION
doesn't destroy the antigen but prepares it for destruction by innate defenses
Antigen mixes with with it antibody that fits(Like a puzzle piece )
PRECIPITATION
when soluble molecules cross link into complexes
it is easier to engulf
COMPLEMENT FIXATION/ ACTIVATION
The main antibody defense against cellular antigens
bound close together on same antigen
Cells involved in the immune system
Lymphocytes
B cells
From into antibodies
differentiate into plasma cells
Activation of B cell
displaying the antigen fragments stimulate the b cells to divide quickly
Need T cells to become activated
1) Antigen Binding
2) Co- Stimulation
T cells bind to 1 or more co-stimulatory signal on APC surface
T cells
defend against intracellular antigens
Helper T cells (CD4)
activate both humoral and cellular arms
help activate b and t cells
without them no immune response
Cytotoxic T cells
They directly attack and kill cells
kill targeted cells as well as cancerous ones
T cell Activation
1) Antigen Binding
cell receptros bind to MHC
Then triggers intracellular signaling pathways / T cell activation
Natural killer cells
quick response to killing virus infected cells
found in the placenta
Disorders
Immunodeficiency
impalement of the immune cells/ molecules
ex: Hodgkin's disease: cancer of b cells
Autoimmune disease:
the immune system loses its ability to distinguish its own self from foreigner
ex: Diabetes- pancreas can not make insulin because the immune system attacks it and destroys the cells
Hypersensitivities
It is an immune response to a perceived
threat that causes tissue damage
Ex: Asthma occurs when an antigen
Ex: Bee stings- breathing is tough and
can lead to circulatory collapse
