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Mariah Hernandez Lymphlmmune system p.3 - Coggle Diagram
Mariah Hernandez Lymphlmmune system
p.3
Major functions of the Lymphatic and immune systems:
The immune system functions as the body’s defense against infectious pathogens
Movement is in a milking action of the skeletal muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessles
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of the vessel
Lymphatic Vessles collect and carry away excess fluid from vessels called lacteals
Organs, cells and biochemicals of the lymphatic system help defend against diseases
Anatomy of the Lymphatic system:
Lymph nodules:
contains Lymphocytes and macrophages
located along lymphatic vessels
covered with connective tissue that extends inside the node divides into spaces called sinuses
Thymus:
located behind the sternum
shrinks in size during the life time
surrounded by connective tissue that extends inside and divides into lobules
Spleen:
lies in upper left abdominal; largest lymphatic organ
contains blood
composed of white pulp and red pulps
filters blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
Bone marrow:
site of blood cells and immature lymphocyte formation and B lymphocyte
Tonsils:
composed of 3 masses of lymphoid tissue around openings of mouth and throat
subject to chronic infection
Palatine tonsils (the tonsils)
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
*Lingual tonsils
Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may impair breathing
Innate(natural) immune defense
responds rapidly
“ born with it"
includes species resistance, mechanical barriers, natural killer cells, Inflammation, phagocytosis and fevers
Species Resistance
a species is resistant to diseases that affect other species
Mechanical Barriers
Body’s 1st Line of defenxe
unbroken skin and mucous created mechanical barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens
Chemical Barriers
highly acidic, caustic environment that is provided by gastric juice or lysozyme in tears that kill many pathogens
Interferons serve as antiviral substance that is produced when cells are infected with viruses
stimulation of inflammation
Natural killer cells (NK)
type of lymphocyte that defends the body against various viruses and cancer cells
secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation
Inflammation: tissue that responds to a pathogens
characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain
inflammatory response include: dilation of blood vessels; increase of blood volume in affected areas; invasion of white blood cells into the affected area; blood clotting; and appearance of fibroblasts and production of sac near area
Phagocytosis: removes foreign particles from the lymph
Neutrophils and monocytes are the most active phagocytosis; they leave the blood stream at areas of injury
attracted to the injured area
Neutrophils engulf smaller particles
Monocytes attack larger ones
Monocytes give rise to macrophages which become fixed in various tissues
Fever
fevers protect by interfering with proper conditions that promote bacterial growth
iron is reduced in the blood causing fewer nutrients being available to support growth of pathogens
Adaptive (acquired) immune defense
body’s 3rd line of defense
response mounted by the body against specific recognized foreign molecules
cellular immune respone
Humoral immune response
Hormonal response and cellular response
Humoral:
Pathogen elimination
Immune memory
Immunopathology - antibody-mediated
B lymphocytes
antibodies circulating in serum
Primary defense against extracellular pathogens: extracellular bacteria circulating virus
-cell mediated
T lymphocytes
direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted soluble products
Primary defense against intracellular pathogens: viruses and fungi, intracellular bacteria
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens:
proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins or glycolipids can trigger an immune response
entire pathogen or part of it
anything that can cause an immune response
larger and more complex than molecules
Antibodies (5 types):
IgG, IgA,IgM,IgD,IgE
complement fixation: complement proteins attach to antigens or foreign substance
Opsonization: labels to identify other immune cells for phagocytes
Neutralization: work as antitoxins blocking effects of poisons produced by certain bacteria
Agglutination: cump with other antibodies to create clots in blood
-Precipitation: antigen-antibody complex so large it is insoluble
Cells involved in the immune system:
T cells (T Lymphocyte): cause direct destruction of virus invaded cells and mutant cells
Involved in cell-mediated immunity
B cells (B Lymphocyte): secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material
Involved in humoral or anti-body-mediated immunity
Made and develops in bone marrow and thymus
NK are cells help protect the body from various viruses and cancer cells
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Edema: condition that blocks flow in lymph
Pathogens: disease causing agents that can produce infections within the body
HIV is a virus and an infection
can be transmitted through sexual activity
Human Immune-deficiency Virus
AIDS is a stage and not a disease
can take years to develop
kills and impairs cells in the immune system
body looses the ability to fight off common infections such as diarrhea or colds