Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LymphImmune System | Jillian Ramirez Period 6 - Coggle Diagram
LymphImmune System | Jillian Ramirez
Period 6
Major Functions of Lymphatic
and Immune Systems
Lymphatic system
removing cellular waste
fluid is filtered before being returned
maintain fluid balance
returning excess fluid (lymph) back to blood vessels
nonspecific defense of body
Immune System
defend body by attacking foreign substances
remember pathogens from first exposure
specific body defenses
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
vessels
pick up excess fluid (lymph) and return it to bloodstream
flows only toward heart
lymph capillaries
absorb the lymph from blood capillaries
have minivalves that are overlapped
proteins, bacteria, viruses, and cell debris can enter easily and travel throughout the body
lymph nodes
sac like structure
immune system examines lymph and destroys threats from cancer cells and pathogens
organs
spleen
filters blood removing bacteria, viruses, etc.
destroys worn-out blood cells
breakdown products go to liver
thymus
lymphatic mass that produces hormones to program certain lymphocytes
tonsils
lymphatic tissue in throat
traps foreign material and removes it
peyer's patches
in small intestines
basically tonsils in the intestines
macrophages capture bacteria
right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the right arm and side of head and thorax
empties blood into subclavian vein on right side
thoracic duct
receives blood from rest of body
empties blood into subclavian vein on left side
Innate and Adaptive
Immune Defenses
innate
nonspecific
responds to any and all foreign substances in the body
immediate response
no memory
born with
first line of defense
surface membrane
physical barrier
skin
hair in nose
cilia in respiratory tract
chemical barrier
acidic pH
sebum (oils in hair)
earwax
stomach mucosa (stomach acid)
secretes hydrochloric acid
second line of defense
cells and chemicals
phagocytes
white blood cells
neutrophils and macrophages
engulf and destroy
natural killer cells
found in lymph and blood
lyse(breakdown) and kill cancer cells
antimicrobial cells
complement fixation (attaches to cells)
damage foreign cell surface
water goes into cell
cell bursts
interferon
protect healthy cells by inhibiting virus binding
inflammation response
tissue is injured/histamine is released
four cardinal signs
heat from released pyrogens
swelling due to dilated capillaries
redness from rush of blood
pain receptors activated
prevents spread
dispose of cell debris
getting ready for tissue repair
fever
increases speed of tissue repair
foreign substance has gotten past first line of defense
adaptive
acquired over time
slower response
memory
acts against particular foreign substance
faster response the second time
immune system
humoral immunity
(antibody-mediated)
in body fluids
antibodies and chemicals carry out response
cell-mediated immunity
targets virus-infected or cancerous cells
T-cells carry out resposne
Humoral and Cellular Response
humoral
antibody-mediated immunity
primary response
first exposure
B-cells bind to specific antigen
B-cells replicate becoming plasma and memory cells
plasma cells produce antibodies
memory cells are for the secondary response
secondary response
reintroduction of pathogen
faster response because of memory cells that divide rapidly
longer lasting
active immunity
own body B-cells make antibodies and memory cells
natural
antibodies made during illness or infection
normal circumstances (cold)
artificial
antibodies made from injection
vaccines
longer response
passive immunity
antibodies are from another source with no memory cells
natural
from mother to baby
breast feeding or passing in the womb
artificial
injection of immune serum or antibodies
instant response
cellular
cell-mediated immunity
antigen presentation
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are on surface of cell
cells, macrophages, plasma cells digest pathogens
they carry portions of antigens on MHC protein forming APC
T-cell recognizes MHC on APC and binds to it to either kill the cell or to recruit other immune response
T cells
helper
recruits rest of immune response including humoral response
cytotoxic
kills infected cells with perforin (toxic chemical)
suppressor
stops immune response preventing uncontrolled activity
memory
long-term immunity
cytokines
chemicals by APC or T-cells to stimulate other T-cells
monokines
released by macrophages or APC
interleukin 1
from T-cells
lymphokines
released by T-cells
interleukin 2
stimulates T and B cells to multiply
perforin
from killer T cells
Antigens and Antibodies
antigens
antibody generator
any substance able to activate immune system
antibodies (immunoglobulin)
soluable protein secreted by plasma cells that travel through blood
structure
two light chains (short)
two heavy chains (long)
linked by disulfide bonds
5 classes
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
binds to specific antigens
function
complement fixation
holes are made in pathogen
water & ions enter / cell lyses
complement proteins attach to antigen
osponization
make labels for pathogen to be recognized for phagocytosis
macrophage
neutralization
antitoxins blocking poisons from healthy cells
antibodies bind to toxin
agglutination
antibodies clump forming blood clots
blood typing
precipitation
antigen-antibody complex
makes large, insoluable clump
keeps pathogen from spreading
self-antigen
surface protein
keeps proteins from being attacked by immune cells
restricts donors for transplants
Cells Involved
in Immune System
lymphocytes
T-cells
mature in thymus
cell-mediated immunity
B-cells
mature in bone marrow
antibody-mediated immunity
natural killer cells
break down cancer cells
phagocytes
neutrophils
macrophages
Disorders Associated
autoimmune disorders
the immune system attack beyond their need
T-suppressor cells not functioning properly
allergies
incomplete antigens (haptens) binds to protein
protein-hapten complex not recognized by immune system
proteins get attacked