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GCSE PE PAPER ONE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - pulmonary artery
      - aorta
    - - pulmonary vein
      - vena cava
    - - ventricles
      - atriums
    - - components
        
        platelets
        
        blood plasma
        
        red blood cells
        
        white blood cells
      - functions
        
        red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide
        
        white blood cells help the body to fight disease by producing antigens, antibodies and phagocytosis
        
        platelets help form scabs to prevent blood loss and help blood clot
  - - - in right atrium
        
        pushed through valves into right ventricle
        
        leaves right ventricle through pulmonary artery
        
        enters lungs to collect oxygen
        
        leaves lungs through pulmonary vein
        
        reenters heart at left atrium
        
        1 more item...
  - - - pulmonary vein (blood from lungs to heart
      - pulmonary artery (blood from heart to lungs)
    - - aorta (blood from heart to body
      - vena cava (blood from body to heart
- - - - sports hall
        
        equipment
        
        walls/windows
        
        other athletes/people
      - gym
        
        equipment
        
        random forgotten weight
        
        broken or faulty
        
        other gym goers
        
        mirrors
      - athletics track
        
        slippery when wet
        
        other people/athletes
        
        dont walk in lane 1 or 2!!
        
        equipment
        
        stray hurdles
        
        people throwing javelins, shot puts or other types of field equipments
      - astroturf
        
        the little black bits
        
        other people/athletes
        
        goals
        
        the fences
        
        equipment
        
        stray footballs
        
        cones or ladders
        
        goals
      - grass pitch
        
        other people/athletes
        
        football players
        
        dogs
        
        dog walkers
        
        litter
        
        equipment
        
        goals
        
        people kicking balls
      - pool
        
        the water
        
        other swimmers/people
        
        the edges
        
        the bottom
        
        the chlorine levels
  - - - see paper 2 for more in depth
- - - - provides protection to the brain and gives the head a structure
      - aka the skull
    - - aka the collarbone
      - connects the ribs to the humerus and provides part of the structure of the shoulder joint
    - - the wing-like bones found in the upper back
    - - connects l. ribs to r. ribs in the middle of the chest
    - - found in the upper torso that provides protection to the ungs, eart and stomach
      - most people have 12 pairs of ribs
    - - found in the upper part of the arm that is connected to the shoulder joint via the clavicle and the radius/ulna via the elbow joint
    - - one of the bones in the forearm connected to the carpals at the wrist and the humerus at the elbow
    - - found alongside the radius in the forearm, the bone that is under the arm when your arms are by your side
    - - the bones found in the hand that connect the finger bones (phalanges) and the carpals to form the hand structure
    - - the part of your hand at the wrist connecting the hand to the radius/ulna and the rest of the arm
    - - the finger and toe bones
    - - aka the pelvis
      - helps connect legs to axial skeleton and provides structure to the hip joint
    - - the large leg bone in the upper leg that is attached to both the knee and hip joints
    - - the larger bone in the lower leg
    - - the smaler bone in the lower leg
    - - aka the kneecap
      - provides protection to the knee joint
    - - the bones in the foot at the ankle connecting the foot to the leg
    - - the bones that make u the main structure of the foot
    - - the long bone in the back of the human body connecting the cranium and the ribs to the rest of the body
      - aka the backbone
      - protects the spinal cord
  - - - hinge joint
      - ball and socket joint
    - - knee
        
        hinge jont
        
        allows for 2 movements
        
        bones making up the knee joint
        
        femur
        
        patella
        
        tibia
        
        fibula
      - shoulder
        
        ball and socket joint
        
        allows for 6 types of movements
        
        bones forming the shoulder joint
        
        scapula
        
        clavicle
        
        humerus
      - hip
        
        ball and socket
        
        allows for 6 types of movement
        
        bones making up the hip joint
        
        ilium
        
        femur
      - elbow
        
        hinge joint
        
        allows for 2 types of movement
        
        bones forming the elbow joint
        
        humerus
        
        radius
        
        ulna
    - - extension
        
        increase of angle around a joint
      - rotation
        
        rotation of joint around a point
      - flexion
        
        decrease of angle around a joint
      - circumduction
        
        combination of rotation, abduction and adduction
      - abduction
        
        movement of joint away from body
      - adduction
        
        movement of joint towards body
    - - ligaments
        
        connects bone to bone
      - tendons
        
        connects bone to muscle
      - cartilage
        
        acts as shock absorber for joints
      - synovial fluid
        
        reduce friction between cartilage
      - synovial membrane
        
        allows joints to move smoothly
- - - - e.g
        
        lactic acid (anaerobic)
        
        co2 (aerobic)
        
        water (aerobic)
  - - - passes through the pharynx
        
        enters the trachea
        
        goes into bronchi in left or right lungs
        
        enters secondary bronchi
        
        enters bronchioles
        
        goes into alveoli
        
        1 more item...
- - - - found in lower part of the back
      - helps abduct and extend the shoulder
    - - found between the shoulder and elbow joints in the upper arm, at the back of the humerus
      - acts in antagonistic pair with bicep to produce movement at the elbow joint
    - - found in the upper part of the back
      - acts in antagonistic pair alongside deltoids to produce movement at the shoulder joint
    - - found on the frontal part of the upper arm alongside the humerus and between the elbow and shoulder joints
      - acts in antagonistic pairs to create movement at the elbow joint
    - - found in the upper chest
      - act as fixator for movement at the shoulder joint
    - - found in the centre of the axial skeleton, in the centre of the torso
      - works in an antagonistic pair with the gluteats to create movement at the hip joint
    - - found on the front part of the leg above the knee, alongside the femur
      - acts in antagonistic pair alongside hamstrings in the knee joint movement
    - - found between the hip and shoulder joints at the back of the leg behind the femur
      - works in antagonistic pair to produce movement at the knee joint
    - - found below the knee alongside the tibia and fibula bones
      - acts as fixator for movement at the knee joint
    - - found behind the hip joint in between the latissimus dorsi and the hamstrings/quadriceps
      - works in antagonistic pair with the abdominals in order to create movement at the hip joint
    - - found in the shoulder
      - acts as fixator in movement at elbow joint
      - works in antagonistic pair with trapezius at shoulder joint
  - - - mostly requires conscious thought or decision to contract and will not do so until that decision has been made
      - e.g.
        
        abdominals
        
        biceps
        
        quadriceps
    - - doesnt need conscious decision to contract and will do so repeatedly
      - e.g.
        
        heart
        
        lungs
        
        brain
- - - - mobility
        
        take the body through the full ROM
        
        e.g. open/close the gate
      - dynamic movement
        
        e.g. shuttle runs or high knees
      - stretching
        
        loosen muscles, ligaments and tendons to prepare and help prevent muscle strains
        
        e.g. tricep stretch
      - skill rehearsal
        
        practice the essential skills before performing
        
        helps mental preparation, especially if the rehearsal goes well
        
        e.g. drills
        
        the main skips
        
        a skip
        
        b skip
        
        c skip
        
        d skip
        
        russian bounds
        
        sitting sprint
        
        penguin feet
      - pulse raiser
        
        gently increase heart rate in preparation for sport
        
        e.g. light jog or run
        
        usually at very easy state
    - - increases your
        
        heart rate
        
        body temperature
        
        breathing rate
      - helps to loosen your muscles in prep for physical activity
      - helps prepare you
  - - - light exercise
        
        helps bring heart rate back to normal
        
        e.g. walk or slow jog
      - stretching
        
        releases tension and stress in the muscles
        
        helps repay oxygen debt and remove lactic acid
        
        mostly static
        
        e.g. hamstring, quad, shoulder, gastrocnemius or gluteal stretches
    - - helps to lower your
        
        body temperature
        
        heart rate
        
        breathing rate
      - prevents blood pooling
      - helps relax
      - lowers risk of DOMS
      - releases tension
- - - - a combination of speed and strength
      - standing long jump test
        
        jump as far as possible without a run up
      - sargeant jump
        
        jump as high as possible without run up
    - - the ability of the body to change direction while maintaining speed, power and balance
      - illinois agility run
        
        run around the course as fast as possible
    - - the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to exert a force for a short amount of time
      - one rep max test
        
        lift as much weight as possible for one repetition
      - hand grip dynamometer test
        
        hold dynamometer above head and bring down to side and grip as hard as you can
    - - the amount or range of motion you have around a joint
      - sit and reach test
        
        reach as far beyond your toes as possible with straight legs
    - - the ability of the body to move quickly
      - 30m sprint test
        
        run 30m as fast as you can with run up period
        
        stopwatch, 45m run space with acceleration 15m of that
    - - the ability to keep your body or mass over a centre of gravity
      - standing stork test
        
        stand on tiptoes with one foot resting on inner calf or knee for as long as possible, hands on waist
    - - the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to continuously contract or produce a force without rest
      - press up test
        
        complete as many press ups as possible in 60 seconds
        
        complete as many consecutive press ups as possible
      - sit up test
        
        complete as many sit ups as possible in 60 seconds
        
        complete as many consecutive sit ups as possible
    - - the ability to repeat an action or series of actions with fluency and accuracy
      - wall throw test
        
        throw and catch ball in alternate hands as many times as possible in one minute
    - - the ability to continuously exercise without rest
      - cooper 12 minute run test
        
        run as far as you can in 12 minutes
        
        stopwatch, track or route, distance recorder e.g. garmin watch
      - multistage fitness test
        
        try and run 20m within the gradually increasing bleeps
        
        20m space, cd player, stopwatch
    - - how long it takes to react to stimuli
      - the time it takes for the body to make the decision to move
      - ruler drop test
        
        catch the ruler between thumbs as quickly as possible after it has been dropped