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Geography - Coggle Diagram
Geography
MAPS KNOWLEDGE
Physical features: are those that occur naturally on the Earth's surface.
Example: Landmark, forest, mountain.
Cultural features: are those that are altered or created by humans.
Example: Crossroads, roads, cities, doctors.
LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
Latitude: Latitude is measured in degrees and minutes north or south of the equator (0o latitude)
Longitude: Longitude is measured in degrees and minutes east or west of the Prime Meridian (0o longitude)
LANDFORMS
Hill: an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area. It is not high enough to be called a mountain. A hill becomes a mountain if it reaches over 500 metres high.
Spur: a finger of highland. Often valleys are separated by spurs.
Valley: a long and usually narrow indentation in the Earth's surface. Most valleys have rivers running through them.
Plateau: an elevated area of fairly level land.
Ridge: a long, narrow area of highlands areas.
Saddle: the lowest point between the two mountain tops.
COMPASS POINTS: N, E, S, W, NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
Boarder, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale, Source
CHANGING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT
WHAT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE?
Environmental change is any alteration to the environment that disturbs natural ecological processes
CHANGES TO WATER
Increase in use
Contamination
Acidification
Climate change
CHANGES TO ATMOSPHERE
Ozone layer
Air pollution
Climate change
CHANGES TO LAND
Cities
Climate change
Deforestation
Overpopulation
Warfare
ANTHROPOCENE: this in an era in which are the main drivers of change. One of our largest threats is fossil fuels leading to runway climate change. The release of greenhouse gases (CO2) is leading to global warming.
STATS
50% of the worlds forests have been lost.
75% of Earths land is managed by humans.
40% of Earths land is used for agriculture,
SEVEN CONCEPTS
PLACE VS SPACE
Place: Refers to a part of the Earth's surface given meaning by people. It refers both natural and built human environments.
Space: Refers to the way things are arranged on the Earth's surface. Places can be divided into spaces. Spaces have three elements: location, organisation and distribution.
ENVIRONMENT & INTERCONNECTION
Environment: Means the living and non-living things in an area as a whole. Example: how humans change the environment or how natural hazards impact us.
Interconnection: refers to the links between all living and non-living things on a local or global level.
Australia's geography problem: we have natural resources but most land is unused.
SUSTAINABILITY & CHANGE
Sustainability: is the ongoing capacity of the Earth to support life.
Change: refers to the process, both human and natural, that take place on a local and global level.
Example: Climate change. Climate change threatens sustainability through sea level rises, drought, loss of farmland, disease.
SCALE
Scale: refers to the spatial level at which we look at something- whether at the local level, national, international or global.
MAPPING SKILLS
AREA & GRID REFERENCE
Area reference: Given in 4 digits: the easting followed by the northing.
Grid reference: Given in 6 digits. The process is the same of finding the AR except with an extra number for the easting and northing that shows how far across or up the square a points is (on a scale of 0-9).
SCALE
Is shown using a linear method or a radio method.
Linear scale: to measure how many cm's represents 1km.
Example: 1cm= 1km.
Ration method:
Example: Ratio shown as 1:50:00
Means that 1cm on the map represents 50,000cm in real life.
CROSS-SECTIONS
A cross-section is a side view or profile of the land. Drawing a cross-section from a topographic map is a useful way of interpreting contour lines and gaining a visual impression of the shape of land.
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
WHAT IS IT?
An ecological footprint is a measure of how fast we consume resources and the land needed t6o deal with the waste created. Australia has one of the highest in the world.
GREEENHOUSE EFFECT:
-Approximately 50% of the suns energy is absorbed by Earth, and 50% is reflected.
-Greenhouse gases trap some of this escaping light energy. which becomes heat.
-With this effect, the Earths average temperature is 14 degrees. It would be -19 degrees without it.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIS
rising sea levels
-heat waves
-drought
-loss of harvests
-coastal areas relocated
-price of goods rise
-extreme weather events
-disease
DIREVTIONS 2031
WHAT IS URBAN SPRAWL? Urban sprawl is the growth towns and cities spreading and taking over areas of the countryside. Perth has a plan to help deal with sustainability issues and climate change. Sustainable cities, growing within the limits placed on us by the environment.
By 2050, Australian population is expected to increase by 3.8 million people. Perth will soon be Australia's third largest city (via population).
PERTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
WA's home to so many endangered and special. Climate change can pose threats to the population of those species. Populations are likely to decrease.
Sea levels along the coast are rising more than a double global average. This poses a risk top WA's coastal infrastructure.
Rainfall patterns in WA have changed over the last 40 years. This has had some serious implications and consequences for urban water supplies and agriculture.