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Chapter 20, Haifa alajlan, anoud alhamidi - lana alshathri - Haifa Alajlan…

- - - - Beneficial fungi
      - Fungi have many medical uses, and are used for antibiotics, to relieve high blood pressure, to control bleeding, to treat migraines, and to reduce organ rejection after transplantation.
      - Fungi also serve as food (mushrooms) or aid in food production (yeast in bread).
      - Fungi are also used in bioremediation, where they decompose pollutants in soil or water
    - - Fungi can parasitize humans and other living organisms, including agricultural crops.
        Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections, and oral thrush are infections in humans that are caused by fungi.
  - - - Very diverse – over 25,000 species
      - Found in harsh environments as they need only light, air, and minerals to grow.
      - Lichens serve as pioneer species in new areas (because they can grow with little or no soil), conditioning the soil to allow new plants to grow.
      - Lichens are especially sensitive to airborne pollutants.
        Lichens serve as important bioindicators of air quality, meaning they are living organisms sensitive and responsive to changes in the environment.
- - - - most members of kingdom fungi are multicellular
        
        e.g:honey mushrooms
      - they look like plants but they do not contain chloroplasts and do not photosynthesize
    - - they're found in soils, plant surfaces, in humans body
      - e.g: yeast
  - - - cell walls
      - cross walls
        
        cross walls help hyphae divide into cells (septa)
        
        septa have large pores that allow nutrients,cytoplasm,organelles to flow between cells
        
        some fungi don't have septa(aseptate)
      - hyphae
        
        fungi are composed of long chains of cells(hyphae)
        
        they grow at their tips and branch repeatedly to form a netlike mass(mycelium)
    - - parasitic
        
        produce hyphae(haustoria)it grows in the hosts tissue and absorb its nutrients
      - saprophytic
        
        saprope is an organism that feeds on dead organisms, saprophytic fungi are composers that recycle nutrients
      - mutualistic
        
        live in mutualistic relationship with another organism often plants
      - produce enzymes to breakdown their food before absorbing it
        they're all heterotrophs
- - - - Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
        
        Chytrids are members of phylum Chytridiomycota
        
        Saprophytes and parasites
        
        Mostly aquatic
        
        Produce flagellated spores
        
        May be evolutionary link between fungi and funguslike protists
      - Zygomycota (common molds)
        
        Common molds belong to the phylum Zygomycota.
        
        Mostly terrestrial
        
        Some are in mutualistic relationships with plants
        
        Form specialized hyphae called stolons, which grow across the surface of food.
        
        Also have rhizoids, hyphae which penetrate into food and absorb nutrients
        
        Most members of the phylum Ascomycota are Multicellular
      - Ascomycota (sac fungi)
        
        Sac fungi belong to phylum Ascomycota.
        
        Contains more species than any other phylum of fungi
        
        Most sac fungi are multicellular, although it also includes unicellular groups (yeasts).
        
        Reproduce sexually and asexually
        
        During asexual reproduction, spores are formed at the tips of hyphae called conidiophores.
        
        Spores are dispersed by wind, water, or animals
      - Basidiomycota (club fungi)
        
        Members of the phylum Basidiomycota
        
        Contain the mushrooms
        
        Can be saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic
        
        Rarely produce asexual spores
        
        Spend most of their life cycle as dikaryotic mycelia, meaning each cell has two nuclei
        
        Periodically reproduce sexually by forming basidiocarps, a type of fruiting body