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Cuesta-Baltazar Nevaeh Lymph Immune - Coggle Diagram
Cuesta-Baltazar Nevaeh Lymph Immune
Functions
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels transport fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system back to the blood
Lymphoid organs house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes that help in body defense and resistance to disease.
Immune system
recognizes foreign molecules and acts to inactivate or destroy them
Is the body's third line of defense that protects the body from from a variety of pathogens
Cellular response/ cell-mediated immunity
-cytotoxic cells defend against infection in already infected, cancer, or transplanted cells
-
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
are called T-cells and are involved in the cell-mediated immune response
Antigen presentation
-T-cells cant bind to antigens
Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T-Cell
Major histocompatibility complex(MHC) proteins
are pieces of cellular material on the cell surface (gives cell unique label)
-Cells, macrophages, or even plasma cells can digest pathogens and carry portions of the antigen on the MHC proteins
-
Any cells carrying the MHS with the portion of the antigen is called the Antigen Presenting Cell(APC)
-T-cells recognize and binds to the infected or cancerous cells by the complex (MHC) proteins
After binding, clones are formed of the different types of T-cells
Types of T-cells
-
Helper T-cell
: Alerts and recruits rest of the immune system including the humoral immunity
-
Killer (cytotoxic) T-cells
: Specialized in attacking and killing cells by releasing a toxic chemical Perforin
-
Suppressor T-cell:
release chemical, suppressor factor, to suppress activity of T and B cells
stops immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity
-
Memory T-cells
: few members of each clones provide long-term immunity
Cytokines
-Chemicals released by antigen presenting cells or T-cells that stimulates other T-cells
-
Monokines
-Released by macrophages or antigen presenting cells
-
interleukin 1
-Stimulates T-cells
-Lymphokines
-Released by T-cells
-
interleukin 2
-stimulates T and B cells to proliferate/ multiply
Perforin-
Released by killer T-cells
Humoral immune response/ Antibody immunity
-Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called B-cells and are involved in the humoral immune response
Both T-cells and B-cells have receptor proteins to bind antigens
each individual lymphocytes are designed to recognize to a specific type of antigen
Response
secondary Response
-Reintroduction of antigen at future time
much faster, stronger, more efficient, and longer lasting than primary
Destroys pathogen before any symptoms of infections shows
-
Memory cells become activated
as soon as antigens is reintroduced into the body
Primary Response
-1st exposure to specific antigen
B-cells with specific receptors bind to a antigen - Binding event activates the lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection
Cloning of the B-cells is the Primary Humoral Response
-Most
B-cells become plasma cells which become antibodies
Antibody travels through blood, lymph, and mucus to destroy pathogen
Antibody activity lasts 4-5 days
-
Some B-cells become long lived memory cells
for the secondary humoral response
Antibodies
-AKA immunoglobin or Ig
Soluble proteins secreted by the plasma cells derived from the B-cells
Carried in the body fluids - Capable of binding specifically to antigens
Structure
-Made up of 4 amino acid chains linked by a disulfide bond
-2 light amino chains
-2 heavy amino chains made by 2 identical amino chains linked together
-2 variable region makes up the antigen-binding site
-Antigen-binding sites specific to the antigen
-Constant portion is the same to all antibodies
Classes
-Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles
-5 major classes:
-IgM-Primary immune response
-IgA-found primarily in mucus
-IgD-Important to the activation of B-cells
-IgG-can cross placental barrier
-IgE-involved in allergies
Function
-
Complement Fixation
: occurs when complement proteins attach to the antigen or foreign substance such as bacteria and activates immunity
-
Opsonization:
Some act as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytosis
-
Neutralization:
Some work as antitoxins, blocking the effects of the poison produced by certain bacteria
-
Angulation:
Some clump with other antibodies to form clots in blood, used for blood typing
-
Precipitation
: antigen-antibody complex becomes so large it is insoluble and less likely to spread
Used as a tool
-Used for research, clinical testing for diagnosis of diseases, and treating certain types of cancers
Deliver cancer fighting drugs to cancerous cells - Diagnosis of pregnancy
Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies
Immunity
Active Immunity
-Owns body's B-Cells have to make antibodies and memory cells
-2 types :
Naturally acquired active
-Making antibodies during an illness or infection in normal circumstances
Artificially acquired active
-making antibodies by an injection such as vaccines
Passive Immunity
-Antibodies are obtained from someone else but memory doesn't occur
-2 types:
Naturally acquired Passive
-normal passing of antibodies from mother to fetus
-
Artificially acquired Passive
-receive injection of immune serum or antibodies
Antigens
-Antibody generator-any substances capable of activating immune system by eliciting an immune response
EX: foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some, lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms
Self antigens
-Human cells have many surface proteins
-Our immune cells don't attack our won proteins
-Our cells in another persons body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign
-Restricts donors for transplants(organ rejection)
Diseases
-allergies
-Auto immune disease
Lupus
-Aids
-HIV
-Asthma -
Anatomy
Lymphatic vessels
Function is to pick up excess tissue fluid (lymph) and return it to the bloodstream - form a one way system and lymph flows only towards the heart -
lymph nodes
Help protect the body by
removing foreign material like bacteria and tumor cells
from the lymphatic stream and producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response
As lymph is transported towards the heart, it becomes filtered through the lymph nodes that cluster along the lymphatic vessels
Within the lymph nodes, macrophages are found which destroy viruses, bacteria and other foreign substances before its returned into the blood.
spleen
Blood-rich organ that filters blood
located in the left side of the abdominal cavity and extends to curl around the anterior aspect of the stomach
Spleen
filters the and cleanse the blood
of bacteria, viruses and other debris
Most important function
is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver
thymus
functions at peak levels during youth, and is a lymphatic mass
found low in the throat overlaying the heart
produces hormones, thymosin, and others that function in the programing of certain lymphocytes so they can carry out their protective roles in the body
tonsils
small masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the
pharynx where they are found in the mucosa
Job is to trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens
Sometimes become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore (tonsillitis).
Peyers Patches
-found in wall of
small intestine
Macrophages pf Peyer's Patches are in an ideal positions to catch and kill bacteria, allowing to prevent them from penetrating the intestine wall