Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lymphlmmune System Aaliyah Avina P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphlmmune System Aaliyah Avina P.5
Major Functions
Immune System
Functions as the body's defense against infectious
pathogens
Keeps pathogens out and attacks those that do enter the body
Systems organs & reactions of the body, provide resistance to infections and toxins
Lymphatic System
Is comprised of a network of vessels that assist in the circulation of body fluid
Organs, cells, and biochemicals of the lymphatic system help defend against disease
Lymphatic vessels
collect and carry away (one way) excess fluid from interstitial spaces
Special vessels called
lacteals
transport fats to the circulatory system
Return clean fluids and leaked proteins back to the blood
Drains excess fluid from tissue
Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymph:
-Fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels
-It is a one way system that moves towards the heart
-no pump
-It moves by milking action of skeletal muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels
Lymph Nodules:
Tonsils:
-Has three masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth & throat
Palatine tonsils ("the tonsils")
Pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)
Lingual tonsils
-Subject to chronic infection
-pharyngeal tonsils may impair breathing if enlarged
Lymphatic Organs:
Lymph Nodes:
-Contain lymphocytes & macrophages
-Located along lymphatic vessels
-Bean-shaped, w/ blood vessels, nerves, & efferent lymphatic vessels attached
-Covered w/ CT that extends inside the node and divides into nodules & spaces called sinuses
-occur in long chains
Function=
to remove bacteria & cellular debris before lymph is returned to the blood
Thymus:
-located behind the sternum, above heart (shrinks in size during lifetime)
-covered by CT capsule that extends inside it and divides it into lobules
-Lobules contain lymphocytes, some mature into T lymphocytes (T cells) that leave to provide immunity
-It secretes hormones called
thymosins
, which reguate of T lympocyte development
Spleen:
-In the upper left abdominal cavity & is the body's largest lymphatic organ
-Resembles a large lymph node except that it contains blood instead of lymph
-Composed of
white pulp
(lymphocytes) &
red pulp
(red blood macrophages, & lymphocytes)
-The spleen filters the blood & removes damaged cells & bacteria
Immune Defenses
☆ 2 lines of defense against pathogens
Pathogens-
Disease-causing agents that can produce infections within the body
Innate (natural) Immune Defenses
-Respond rapidly
-"born with it"
Includes:
1.Species Resistance
- a species is resistant to diseases that effect other species
2.Mechanical Barriers
- body's 1st line of defense, skin, hair, mucus, sweat
3.Chemical Barriers
- destroy pathogens on outer body surface
4. Natural Killer (NK) Cell
- type of lymphocyte defends the body, secrete perforins & chemicals that enhance inflammation
5. Inflammation
- tissue response to a pathogen
6. Phagocytosis
- removes foreign particles from the lymph
7. Fever
- Interfere w/ the proper conditions tat promote bacterial growth, phagocytic cells attack when temp. rises
Adaptive (acquired) Immune Defenses
-Bodys 3rd line of defense
-response mounted by the body against specific, recognized foreign molecules
1. Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
- occurs after exposure to the antigen itself
2. Artificially Acquired Active Immunity-
occurs through the use of vaccines w/ out the person becoming ill from the disease
3. Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
- involves the injection of gamma globulin containing antibodies (antiserum).
4. Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
- occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus and is short-lived
Humoral Response & Cellular Response
Humoral Response
-Antibody-mediated
-B Lymphocytes
Action- antibodies circulating in serum
-Primary defense against extracellular pathogens: extracellular bacteria, circulating virus
-secretes antibodies to fight against antigens
Cellular Response
-Cell-mediated
-T Lymphocytes
Action- direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted soluble products
-Primary defense against intracellular pathogens: viruses & fungi, intracellular bacteria
-secretes cytokines to attack pathogens
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens:
-proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycroproteins, or glycolipids that can trigger an immune response
-anything that can cause an immune response
-they are larger & more complex molecules
Antibodies
-soluble protein secreted by plasma cells (that are derived from B cells)
-carried by body fluids, capable of binding specifically to antigens
There are 5 Major types of Antibodies:
IgG
- most abundant in primary & second response
IgM
- responsible for early stage of immunity
IgD
- cell surface receptor of mature B cell; important in B cell activation
IgA
- protects mucosal surfaces, prevents attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells
IgE
- responsible for allergic reactions
Cells Involved in the Immune System
Lymphocytes
T lymphocyte (T cells):
-cause direct destruction of virus invaded cells & mutant cells
-involved in cell-mediated immunity
B Lymphocyte (B cells):
-secretes antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material
-involved in humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
-made & develops in the bone marrow & thymus
Natural Killer (NK) Cells:
-secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation
-activated in response to inferons
White blood cells, body's main types of immune cells
Cytotoxic T cells:
-monitor the body's cells, recognizing & eliminating tumor cells & virus-infected cells
Memory T Cells:
-provide a no-delay response to any future exposure to the same antigen
Disorders Associated with the Immune System
Edema:
-condition that interferes w/ the flow in lymph will result in edema
-the fluids are not returned to vascular system
Lymphatic Filariasis:
-the swelling & decreased function of the lymph makes it difficult for the body to fight germs and infections
-caused by a parasitic worm(filarial worms)
Autoimmunity (Autoimmune Disorders)
-the immune system manufacture antibodies against some of its own antigens & cytotoxic T cells
-result from viral infection, or reaction to a nonself antigen that bears close resemblance to a antigen
HIV
-Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
-it cause AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids