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(лекція 4, Lecture 2, Lecture 3, Lecture 1, (the rule of four checks check…

- - - - To understand the current information ecosystem, we need to break down three elements:
        :check: The different types of content that are being created and shared
        Satire or parody – no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool.
        Misleading content – misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual.
        Imposter content – when genuine sources are impersonated.
        Fabricated content – new content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm.
        False connection – when headlines, visuals or captions don’t support the content.
        False context – when guanine content is shared with false contextual information.
        Manipulated content – when genuine information or imagery is manipulated(використовуються) to deceive(обману).
        :check: The motivations of those who create this content.
        4 additional motivations for the creation of this type of content: Poor Journalism, Parody, to Provoke or ‘Punk’, Passion, Partisanship, Profit, Political Influence or Power, and Propaganda.
        :check: The ways this content is being disseminated
        Is shared without checking by people on social media,
        is being amplified by journalists who are now under more pressure than ever to try and make sense and accurately report information emerging on the social web in real time.
        is being pushed out by loosely connected groups who are deliberately attempting to influence public opinion,
        is being disseminated(розповсюджені) as part of sophisticated disinformation campaigns, through bot networks and troll factories.
        a group of US Trump supporting teenagers have connected online to influence the French election in April. They have shared folders of sharable ‘meme-shells’ so even those who can’t speak French can drop visuals into hashtag streams. It’s now incredibly easy for loosely connected groups to mobilize, using free tools to co-ordinate private messaging.
        propaganda to be directly targeted at users who are more likely to accept and share a particular message.
        *
        What can we do?
        Check what we see online. Weit 2 minutes before posting it.
  - - - 3 types of photo manipulation:
        :check: A real photo of a place or person presented as an image of an entirely different place or person.
        Often, these photos enhance the emotional impact on viewers.
        For instance, this photo is genuine, but the caption is manipulative because it creates an impression that the Ukrainian soldier was saved by his iPhone. Commenters even suggested raising money for a new iPhone.
        :check: Doctored photos altered in a graphics editor (e.g. Photoshop) to add or remove some elements.
        a Ukrainian soldier embracing a girl near a train.
        The picture was captioned "An ATO fighter see his girlfriend off to Moscow". Using a reverse image search, the same photo can be found, however with the sign on the train "Kharkiv–Uzhhorod".
        When journalists found the young man in the picture, he was outraged by this manipulation. He said the photo was taken when he was on his way from Kharkiv to Ternopil. A volunteer helped identify the former ATO soldier.
        :check: Cropped photos show just part of an image out of context.
        Such photoes are sometimes considered fake.
        Petro Poroshenko seems to be walking away from voters.
        In reality, there were people on the other side of the road where Poroshenko was going; they were simply cropped out of the picture.
        
        watch for emotional language. usually it's manipulative.
        make sure you see the source.
  - - - the amount of advertising you consume depends on your lifestyle: where you live, what is your commute is like, and how you spend your free time.
        
        there are 5,000–11,000 different ads every day.
        :check: The marketing specialist decided to list all the ads he encountered during the day. He counted 487 ads just while having breakfast. Shocked and surprised, he decided not to continue.
        :check: TheDanocracy, a popular YouTuber, conducted another experiment. He decided to click through each online ad and buy everything that was advertised. In less than an hour, he spent $1,000.
        
        One thing is certain: ads are designed primarily to make us buy: buy goods, buy ideas, buy lifestyles.
        
        So how does it work?
        Advertising is closely tied to pop culture and media. It tracks society's current interests in order to gain ppl’s attention and sell a product.
        Think for a moment: what meaning do you attach to smoking cigarettes. Is it a bad habit? Is it a threat to others' health? Is it one of the causes of cancer?
        Well, cigarettes used to be a symbol of freedom — women's freedom (Bertha Hunt publicly lit a Lucky Strike cigarette during the New York Easter Parade , calling for other women to do the same. Next day her picture was on the fron page of a popular American newspaper)
        *
        Fact: journalists were notified that this was coming. Bertha was employed by the man who told the media about the planned event. It was Edward Bernays. Nowadays, he is the pioneer of Public Relations (the science and practice of public opinion management.)
        *
        In the 1920s, he started working as a consultant for different brands. One of the companies he worked for was the American Tobacco Company, the owner of the Lucky Strike brand. Today, what he did is called marketing.
        *
        In that time women were not allowed to smoke, they could even be arrested for smoking in publick. Tobacco companies wanted ppl to buy their product.
        *
        Bernays turned to psychoanalysis. They said that cigarettes had to become a symbol of women's freedom because they previously appealed to a male-dominant audience and were even regarded as a symbol of male power. Hence, the cigarette became "the torch of women's freedom" and a symbol of combating old stereotypes.
        This is how one man hooked women on cigarettes and made smoking fashionable, employing psychology and hidden mechanisms of persuasion.
        *
        Marketers and advertisers often use manipulation to lur us and anticipate our behavior.
        Dan Ariely(economist) described in the book Predictably Irrational the way this can work.
        *
        One day, surfing the internet, Dan stumbled upon an offer from the Economist magazine. They proposed three subscription tiers: Digital for 59. Print for 125. Print + digital for 125
        Which of these would you choose?
        Your gut instinct probubly get the combo subscription.
        there is a trick here: the combo subscription is used to divert our attention from digital plan which is cheaper.
        The content may be the same in both version so the advantage of a print subscription over the Digital one is unclear. We do know that a combo subscription (print + digital for $125) is a better value than the print plan alone for $125.
        *
        Dan tested this theory on 100 students:
        16 students insisted on the digital plan for $59,
        84 favored the $125 combo subscription.
        None of them even considered buying the print-only one!
        *
        Dan picked another 100 students, leaving only 2 plans to choose from: Digital 58. Print+ Digital 125.
        32 people went for a combo subscription,
        68 chose the digital one.
        What affected their decision?
        the students were persuaded to choose a combo subscription.
        The (perceived) value of the product always depends on the options available. It's how our brains are wired.
        Dan believes the core of it is predictable irrationality — one of the foundation of behavioral economics.
        It is impossible to totally protect ourselves from its influence, but, with awareness and critical thinking, we can be better equipped to na
        
        Illusions:
        1) If I asked you what's longer,
        • the vertical line on the table on the left,
        • or the horizontal line on the table on the right,
        I can put some lines on those tables and we can see that they are exactly the same.
        Even if we know the truth that two tables are the same and our intuition is really fooling us, we can’t do anything with it.
        2) What color is the top arrow pointing to? One of them is yellow and the other one is broun but in reallity two of the are broun.
        Vision is one of the best things we do and even here we make mistakes.
        what are the chances we won't make even more mistakes in something we're not as good at,
        Cognitive ellusion
        
        Table that shows the percentage of people who indicated they would be interested in donating their organs.
        You basically see two types of countries: countries on the right, that seem to be giving a lot;
        and countries on the left that seem to giving very little, or much less.
        
        The question is, Why do some countries give a lot and some countries give a little?
        ppl usually think that it has to be about culture or religion.
        But if you look at this plot, you can see that countries that we think about as very similar, actually exhibit very different behavior.
        For example, Germany is on the left, and Austria is on the right.
        
        the Netherlands send every household in the country a letter, beg people to join this organ donation program. They got only 28 percent.
        The countries on the left have a form at the DMV where it was stated smth like "Check the box below if you want to participate in the organ donor program." People don't check, and they don't join.
        
        The countries on the right have a slightly different form, that says "Check the box below if you don't want to participate ..." ppl don’t ckeck but now they join.
        It's not because we don't care. It's because we care. It's difficult and it's complex. And it's so complex that we don't know what to do. And because we have no idea what to do, we just pick that was chosen for us.
        
        One more example that proves that this can happen even to experts.
        
        they took 2 groups of physicians and ask them to imagine that thay have a 67-year-old farmer, who had been suffering from right hip pain for a while and that nothing is working and that they decided to refer him for a hip replacement therapy.
        
        They said to the first group of phisitian to imagine that they realised that they forgot to try one medication. So they decided to try this medicine first and than if it don’t help, they will refer him for hip replaceent.
        
        They said to the second group of phisition to imagine that they forgot to try 2 medications. The majority of the physicians now choose to let the patient go for a hip replacement because it is hard to make a decision.
        *
        Do you want to go for a weekend to Rome, all expenses paid - hotel, transportation, food, a continental breakfast, everything - or a weekend in Paris?
        Weekend in Paris, weekend in Rome -- these are different things.
        What if it was
        a trip to Rome, all expenses paid, transportation, breakfast, but it doesn't include coffee in the morning?
        If you want coffee, you have to pay for it yourself, it's two euros 50.
        Now in some ways, given that you can have Rome with coffee, why would you possibly want Rome without coffee?
        Rome with coffee becomes more popular, and people choose it.
        *
        He showed some people a picture of Tom, and a picture of Jerry.
        and I said, "Who do you want to date? Tom or Jerry?"
        But for half the people, he added an ugly version of Jerry.
        For the other people, he added an ugly version of Tom.
        When ugly Jerry was around, Jerry was popular.
        When ugly Tom was around, Tom was popular.
        If you ever go bar-hopping, who do you want to take with you?
        You want a slightly uglier version of yourself. Similar, but slightly uglier.
        The second point, or course, is that if somebody invites you to bar hop,
        you know what they think about you.
- - - - State (goverbment-owned) media
        established by the state
        financed from the public budget
        all laws, legal acts, official acts (of the president and the government) should be published in an official government printed media.
        Урядовий кур'єр - Урядовий кур’єр (Many official documents go into effect(вступають в силу) from the day they were published there.
        
        Голос України
        
        Офіційний вісник України
        Відомості верховної ради України
        
        State-owned media can sometimes serve as an instrument for promoting state policy
        In Russia there are 3 federal channels:
        the government controls: Pervyy Kanal and Rosslya Odin
        
        state controlled energy company Gazprom: NTV.
        
        the government controls international channel: Russia Today (RT) (created to improve Russia's image abroad and spread Russian narrative around the world with broadcasts in English, Arabic, Spanish.
        
        Some state-funded media can influence content and promote one opinion over another
        YouTube has become a major platform for state-funded media
        YouTube introduced a new policy in the United States (in 2018) according to which videos of state-funded channels should have a label about the source of their funding.
        
        Public broadcasting
        :check: works in citizens interests
        :check: financed by the state and subscription fees.
        :check: has editorial freedom
        The law on public television and radio broadcasting of Ukraine was adopted in 2014.
        The law guarantees that the state will give funds and create necessary conditions for public television and radio broadcasting.
        It is illegal for state bodies (police) and government authorities
        to interfere in the public broadcaster's operation,
        to impose censorship control
        to influence over content.
        
        Суспільне мовлення - the national public broadcasting company.
        two national channels: U^: Перший, U^: Культура
        
        three national radio stations: U^: Українське радіо U^: Радіо промінь, U^: Радіо Культура
        
        an international channel radio Ukraine international
        regional channels.
        
        Satirical show called грати, песик, тушка, гривня, знак питання, долар, нуль with Michael Shoorl in UA 1.
        Every week this show tell about both political news and current events in a satirical manner.
        it is technically state-funded but it has editorial freedom. This program is criticise all of state officials and point out their mistakes.
        
        the BBC's mission is one of the most well known public broadcasters.
        act in the public interest
        gives impartial(неупереджених) high-quality(високоякісних) and distinctive output(результатів) in services which inform educate and entertain.
        
        public broadcasting don’t have sufficient state funding.
        two draft laws were submitted in 2017 to allow MPs government and local governments to highlight their activities on public broadcaster. One of them was withdrawn thanks to the pressure from civil society.
        Such independent media is vital for democracy, freedom of speech and diversity of ideas can assist viewers readers and listeners with critical assessment to form their own judgments and opinions about current events.
        
        Andriy Kulykov ukrainian journalist and co-founder of Hromadske Radio
        Hromadske Radio independent media in Ukraine which is not owned or funded by the state or a for-profit(комерційне) private enterprise(підприємство).
        
        Citizens journalism is when a person who was not educated as a journalist publishes something.
        He thinks that you become a professional journalist only when you are ready to face a lot of pressure to protect your principles.
        
        2013 three different people came to him and said that they couldn’t work in their media outlets any longer because they felt pressure, they had been told what to do. Andriy Kulykov decided to found their own radio.
        it was cheap to found (3-4 гривняс) they bought their first recorders, llegal software
        it is much more democratic.
        
        95% of their fund used to come from international grants (e.g Canadian fund)
        3% of their fund comes from crown. people wanted to listen their radio that's why thay gave them money.
        have two successful campaigns in the US and Canada (organized by Ukrainian ppl who lives American)
  - - - So how do people decide what is news worthy?
        
        the situation was different in every Media outlets.
        In the UK and Northern Ireland, the BBC had something like central department. Experienced British journalists go there and take several stories from there and then add some regional or local stories.
        Ones he was about to go on air with the newscast, there were new stories from Kazakhsran. He printed 3 or 4 stories and composed a new one.
        He was punished for that. He should have told the central department and ask them to write a story for him.
        They would write this in English and then he should wait for other ppl to translate it for him and maybe he would get this story to the next newscast.
        in Ukraine a journalist has to chose themselves what material to offer.
        
        the manager has the “right“ to tell what kind of stories are more important today
        
        He was told not to talk about Юлія Тимошенко.
        He disobeyed once and he was dismissed.
        what should journalist do when they are receiving those kind of pressures?
        1) upgrade their skills, the more qualified a journalist is the harder it is to dismiss
        2) share your secrets and skills with colleagues
        3) make contact with the audience because it can protect you.
        4) union???
        
        He met his friend who was an aducated journalist.
        He told him 3 basic rules of Soviet journalism that you should follow?
        1) If you are not allowed to enter through the door enter throut the window
        2) If there is no event that you are to describe, create this event.
        3) Any lie that benefits the soviet uninon is the holy truth.
        He said it ironically.
        
        What we should do?
        :check: look for those who do not impose their opinion on us
        :check: look for those who illustrate what they are talking about (video, audio, examples)
        :check: look for those media outlets who are interested in your opinion
        :check: if you are invited to take part in the questionnaire take part in a questionnaire and see how they used what you and other people told them.
        
        George Orwell's version of a world without freedom of the press.
        how George Orwell describes the Ministry of Truth in the dystopian novel 1984.
        the Ministry does not spread truth.
        It rewrites the past to conform to the current Party doctrine
        It changes the record when the predictions of the supreme ruler, Big Brother, and his government turn out to be false. This way, Big Brother always appears to be right.
        
        Freedom of the press - the right of newspapers, magazines, and other media to report news without being controlled by the government. Independent press is a pillar (опора) of democracy.
        
        Does freedom of the press exist everywhere?
        Every year (since 2002) the international organization «Reporters without Borders (Reporters sans Frontiers, RSF)» has published a World Press Freedom Index. It is based on the assessment of the countries' press freedom.
        In 2019, the ranking included 180 countries.
        
        Ukraine is ranked 102nd. After revolution (2014) aulthorities adopted 2 laws:
        1) transparency of media ownership
        2) access to state-held information.
        But it’s not enough. Much more is needed to loosen the oligarchs' tight grip on the media, encourage editorial independence and combat impunity(безкарністю).
        
        The countries with most press freedom arе: the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Finland, and Sweden. Journalists have less political pressure or censorship(цензура) and media ownership is regulated by law.
        
        The lowest-ranked countries are Turkmenistan, North Korea, Eritrea, and China.
        In these countries, laws prohibit distributing ideas that criticize the government.
        E.g more than 18,000 websites, including Google, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube are blocked in mainland China. All these websites has an internet censorship policy that prevents collective action ( protests, distribution of pornography, criticism of the government, politics, and contentious national issues)
        
        Roskomnadzor (entire government body in Russia) responsible for censorship in the media.
        The government adopted a cybersecurity law.
        Regulators can isolate the Russian Internet from the outside world and expand the government's control over it.
        
        When the press is intimidated, or their access is blocked, they often cannot tell citizens what their government is doing. This allows governments to act with impunity and allows corrupt or incompetent politicians to stay in power.
        
        If we don’t have enough press freedom, politicians will get away with corruption, electoral fraud and other crimes.
- - - - a journalist was asking him a question about the news feed.
        And the journalist was asking him
        "Why is this so important?"
        And Zuckerberg said,
        "A squirrel dying in your front yard may be more relevant to your interests right now than people dying in Africa."
        I was growing up in a really rural area the Internet meant something that connects the world.
        It meant something that would connect us all together.
        There are 57 signals that Google looks at – everything from what kind of computer you're on to what kind of browser you're using, to where you're located.
        the Internet is showing us what it thinks we want to see,
        but not necessarily what we need to see.
        As Eric Schmidt said,
        "It will be very hard for people to watch or consume something that has not in some sense been tailored for them."
        
        Knowing the information we may control it.