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2f - the road to revolution, 1763-75, The impact of taxation and other…

- - - - Stamp Act Crisis, 1765-6
        
        Declaratory Act, 1766
        
        Quartering Act 1765
        
        New York refused to accept the act
        
        Seen as another example of the tyranny of Parliament reducing the rights of colonial assemblies
        
        Reinforced the view that a standing army was tyrannical and oppressive
        
        Townshend Duties, 1766
        
        New York Restraining Act, 1767
        
        The American Board of Customs Commissioners, 1767
        
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        Suspended the New York colonial assembly until it backed down and accepted the Quartering Act
        
        Many colonists were angered that Parliament would suspend a colonial assembly
        
        Showed that the policy of Salutary Neglect had clearly ended
        
        Although external many colonists now refused to accept any form of taxation
        
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        John Dickinson wrote Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer in 1768
        
        In Feb 1768 the Massachusetts assembly sent out a circular letter (written by Samuel Adams and James Otis) attacking the duties
        
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        Passed on the same day as the repeal of the Stamp Act - which many colonists celebrated
        
        Made it clear Parliament maintained its right to legislate and tax the colonies, that the colonies were subordinate and Parliament had full authority
        
        Led to Virginia Resolves, refuting Britain's right to tax without consent
        
        Led to the Stamp Act Congress of Oct 1765
        
        Foundation of the Loyal Nine, later the Sons of Liberty
        
        Widespread rioting and mob violence
        
        Attacks on British officials, effigies hanged from the Liberty Tree in Boston and Lieutenant-Governor Hutchison's house
        
        In Oct 1765 organised a boycott of British goods
        
        Seen as a direct internal tax, affecting every colonist
        
        To many colonists it had constitutional implications - accepting the tax would be accepting Parliament's absolute legislative authority
        
        Seen as part of a grand strategy to erode colonial liberties
        
        Showed the colonists how fragile their rights were
        
        Seen as undermining the rights of colonial assemblies
        
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      - Evidence of further centralisation and inference from London at the expense of colonial assemblies
      - Led to deflation and caused bankruptcy
    - - Represented a fundamental shift in outlook - fear that Britain believed it could tax at will
        
        Raised wider political concerns about arbitrary government, extension of powers and denial of liberty
    - - James Otis argued against 'taxation without representation'