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Depression: Psychopathology - Coggle Diagram
Depression: Psychopathology
Common symptoms:
Low self esteem
Low mood
Dwelling on negatives
Poor concerntration
Disrupted activity
Sleep problems
Disrupted appetite
Anger
Self harm/ aggression
Absolutist thinking
The Cognitive Approach to explaining depression:
Beck's negative triad:
Negative views about the world, oneself, future
Negative self schemas - package of ideas developed through experience (childhood events may lead to negative schemas eg. criticism of parent/teacher)
Ellis' ABC model:
Activating event, Belief, Consequence
The source of irrational beliefs - come from mustabatory thinking (certain things must happen to be happy)
Evaluation:
S - Hammen & Krantz (1976) depressed people make more errors in logic when asked to interpret written material
W - Difficult to establish whether it's a casual relationship
W - Cognitive explanations fail to acknowledge the role of learning in shaping behaviours
S - CBT is effective at treating depression
W - Cognitive approach blames the client for depression
Examples of faulty info processing seen in depression:
Arbitrary interference - drawing conclusions with insufficient evidence
Selective abstraction - focussing only on the negative
Overgeneralisation - overall sweeping conclusion drawn on the basis of a single event
Magnification/ minimisation - exaggerations in evaluating performance
The Cognitive Approach to treating depression:
Beck's CBT:
Core techniques:
lots of questioning
collaborative empiricism ('patient as scientist')
recording positives
Therapeutic relationship:
warm personal relationship crucial
to help client become their own therapist
homework/diary
CBT =
Spot and modify the negative thoughts
Reality testing
Problem solving
Ellis' REBT: Ellis' rational emotive behaviour therapy
Types of disputing:
Empirical
- any evidence to support the belief?
Logical
- does the thought logically follow the fact?
Pragmatic
- how does this belief help you?
Alternative
- what could you tell yourself instead?
REBT?
Extends ABC model to ABCDE model
A =activating effect
B = belief
C = consequence
D = dispute the thought
E = effect (see a more beneficial effect)
Evaluation:
S - March et al: effects of CBT vs effects of antidepressants vs combination
After 36 weeks each group significantly improved ( 81%, 81%, 86%) - shows CBT is effective when treating depression
N - CBT not suitable for those severely depressed, children, learning difficulties
Behavioural activation:
- become more active to boost mood. Do something you enjoy
Unconditional positive regard:
- the therapist respects and appreciates the client
Homework:
- do something they might have been afraid of to challenge irrational thoughts