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LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM, Kevin Do, P.5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lymphocytes
        
        B Lymphocyes
        
        humoral immunity
        
        T Lymphocytes
        
        cellular immunity
        
        Both B and T
        
        1) Origin
        
        originate in red bone marrow
        
        2) Maturation
        
        Lymphocytes are “educated” in a 2-3 day process and mature in primary lymphoid organs
        
        3) Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
        
        Exported from primary lymphoid organs to “seed” secondary lymphoid organs
        
        4) Antigen encounter and activation
        
        Lymphocyte is selected to differentiate into active cell by binding to its specific antigen
        
        5) Proliferation and differentiation
        
        Once selected and activated, lymphocyte proliferates ; Most clones become effector cells that fight infections. A few remain as memory cells
    - - Transports fluids through a network of vessels
      - removal of excess fluids from body tissues
      - maintains fluid levels
  - - - Provides resistance to disease
      - Protects your body from harmful substances
      - Is a function system rather than an organ system
      - Maintains homeostasis by eliminating damaged cells.
- - - - Skin
        
        acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth (Acid Mantle)
      - Mucous Membranes
        
        lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms (Enzymes)
        
        sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms (Mucin)
    - - Phagocytes
        
        white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
      - Natural Killer Cells
        
        Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
      - Inflammation
        
        Inflammation is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
      - Antimicrobial Proteins
        
        Proteins released by virus-infected cells and certain lymphocytes which act as chemical messengers to protect the uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover
      - Fever
        
        Systemic response initiated by pyrogens
    - - uses the first and/or second lines of defense to stop attacks by
        pathogens
  - - - Specific
        
        recognizes and targets specific antigens
      - Memory
        
        remembers the "known" antigens and prepares a stronger defense
      - Systemic
        
        not restricted to initial site
    - - Temporarily bind to the target cell
      - Lymphocytes produce antibodies that circulate freely in body fluids
      - The binding marks the antigen by putting a "target" on them
    - - Lymphocytes act against target cel
      - Directly: killing infected cell
      - Indirectly: by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or by activating other lymphocytes/macrophages.
- - - - B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
      - Naturally Acquired
        
        formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
      - Artificially Acquired
        
        formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
    - - ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
      - Naturally Acquired
        
        antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
      - Artificially Acquired
        
        injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
    - - 1) Binds with the self-nonself complexes of a B cell that has encountered its antigen an is displaying it on MHC II on its surface
      - 2) Releases interleukins as co-stimulatory signals to complete B cell activation
  - - - group of genes that code for proteins that can be located on the surface of cells that support the recognization skills of the immune system; against antigens
    - - 1) Binds to dendritic cell
      - 2) Stimulates dendritic cell to express co-stimulatory molecules
      - 3) Dendritic cell can now activate CD8 cell with the support of interleukin 2 secreted by helper T cell.
- - - - proteins secreted by plasma cells
    - - Instead of destroying antigens directly, antibodies inactivate and tag them
    - - Neutralization
        
        Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins and prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
      - Agglutination
        
        Allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large lattice-like clumps
      - Precipitation
        
        Complexes precipitate out of solution
      - Complement fixation
        
        When several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen, complement-binding sites on their stem regions are aligned
  - - - substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
    - - Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
      - Contain antigenic determinants
      - Can be a self-antigen
- - - - provide defense against intracellular antigens
    - - helper T cells (TH)
        
        activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages
    - - cytotoxic T cells (TC)
        
        capable of destroyingcells harboring foreign antigens
        
        also become memory T cells
        
        Activated T Cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
    - - Chemical messengers of immune system
    - - prevent autoimmune reactions
  - - - Found in connective tissues and epidermis
      - Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells in lymph node
    - - Present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation
    - - Widely distributed in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
      - Present antigens to T cells, which not only activates T cell, but also further activates macrophage