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Ch 6: Tissues & the primary growth Conditions - Coggle Diagram
Ch 6: Tissues & the primary growth Conditions
Concepts
Angiosperms: flowring plants in division of Magnoliophyta
Basal Angiosperm: waterlilies, magnolias, laurels
Eudicots: broadleaf plants like roses, aster, maples, and others
Monocots: grasses, Lilies, cattails, palms, philodendrons, bromeliads.
Primary Plant Body: herbaceous body
Secondary Plant Body: Woody body
Herb: plant that never becomes woody
Basic Types of Cells & Tissues
Parenchyma: only primary walls remain thin
Parenchyma Tissue: mass of parenchyma cells
Collenchyma
Collenchyma cells: have primary well that remains thin in some areas but becomes thickens in other areas, usually in corners.
Sclerenchyma: has both a primary wall & thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified.
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Fibers
Sclereids
Pit: areas that become narrow in secondary wall
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Pit-Pair: pits of adjacent sclerenchyma cells meet
External Organizations of Stems
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Nodes: where leaves are attached
internodes: regions between nodes
leaf Axil: ara just above where a leaf attaches
Axillary Bud: miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and several young leaves
Bud Scales: bud covered by small, corky & waxy, that protects the delicate organs inside
Terminal Bud:extreme tip of each stem
Phyllotaxy: arrangement of leaves on the stem
Stolons: capacity to explore even more advanced, also known as runners
Stems
Shoots
Corms: have vertical, thick stems that have thin, papery leaves (crocus and Gladiolus.
Bulb: short shoots that have thick, fleshy leaves (onions, daffodils, garlic).
Trunk: vertical main shoot
Rhizomes: fleshy, horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread undergound
Tubers: horizontal like rhizomes, but grow for only short periods and are mainly a means of storing nutrients (potatoes).
Internal Organization of Stems
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Epidermis: outermost surface of a herbaceous stem, a single layer of living parenchyma cells
Cutin: fatty substance that makes the outer walls impermeable to water
Cuticle: Cutin layers built up upon each other
Guard Cells: pairs of cells in epidermis
Stomatal pore: hole between the guard cells
Stoma: guard cells and stomatal pores together
Trichomes/Hairs: epidermal cells elongate outward
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Cortex: interior to the epidermis. composed of photosynthetic parenchyma and sometimes collenchyma
Vascular Tissues
Xylem: conducts water and minerals
Tracheary elements
Vessel Elements
Vessel: entire stack of vessel elements
Tracheids
Pit membrane: aligned set of primary walls and middle lamella btwn them
Perforation: a large hole is digested through a particular site of the primary wall
annular thickenings: small amount of secondary wall present and organized as set of rings on interior face of primary wall
Helical Thickening: secondary wall exists as 1-3 helices interior to the primary wall
Scalariform Thickening: strongest, secondary wall underlies most of the inner surface of the primary wall and is extensive
Reticulate Thickening: secondary wall is deposited in the shape of a net
circular bordered pits: Strongest & most derived, primary wall is underlain be secondary wall.
border: extra wall material around pit
Phloem: distributes sugars and minerals
Sieve elements
sieve tube members
companion cells
Sieve cells
albuminous cells
Sieve pores: plasmodesmata enlarge to diameter of more than 1um
Sieve areas: sieve pores occurring in clusters
Sieve tube: siece tube members stacked end to end with large sieve areas aligned
Sieve plates: end-wall sieve ares w/ L sieve pores
Vascular Bundles: xylem and phloem occur together just interior to the cortex
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Pith: a region of parenchyma similar to the cortex
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Collateral: how vascular bundles are, contains phylum and xylem running parallel to one another
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Primary Xylem: primary plant body
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Primary Phloem: primary vascular bundle phloem
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Stem Growth & Differentiation
apical meristems: stems grow longer by creating new cells at their tips in these regions
Subapical meristem: region just below apical meristem, cells are also dividing and growing, producing cells for the region below.
Protoxylem: constitute first xylem to appear, cells around them continue to grow and expand.
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Metaxylem: largest treachery elements, these cells have longest time for growth.
Protophloem: the exterior cells of the vascular bundles
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Metapholem: cells closest to the metaxylem
Primary tissues: tissues produced by apical meristems
primary Growth: growth and tissue formation that results from from apical meristems activity.
Protoderm: epidermal cells that are in the early stages of differentation
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Provascular Tissues: long cells of xylem & phloem
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Ground Meristem: Equivalent stages of pith and cortex
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Box 6-4
Determinate growth- animals
Determinate organogenesis
Indeterminate growth- plants
Indeterminate organogenesis
Annual plants
Biennial plants
