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Science 1A Chapters Mindmap, Warning Symbols - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Applications of scientific knowledge
        
        Which can bring about benefits and harmful effects
    - - Scientific knowledge
        
        which is
        
        Derived from cycles of systematic observation, experimantion and analysis
        
        Derived from humans' imagination and creativity
        
        Subjects to change in light of new edvidence
        
        through the
        
        Particles of science
        
        which involve
        
        Demonstrating ways of thinking and doing
        
        which are influenced by
        
        Values, ethics and attiudes
    - - Science
        
        Which is the study of the natural phenomena in the world
        
        An integral part of Science is being curious and asking questions
        
        Questions can be investigated by conduction an experiment
        
        Hypothesis
        
        A proposed explanation for an observation
        
        For practical exams, hypothesis should be 'correct'
        
        Observations
        
        Should be made from repeated experiments
        
        Variables
        
        Independent variable
        
        The ONLY variable changed that would affect the results of the experiment
        
        Dependent variable
        
        Variable that is measured
        
        MUST be measurable
        
        Controlled variables
        
        Variables kept the same
        
        Apparatus
        
        Stopwatch
        
        Electronic balance
        
        Measuring cylinder
        
        Displacement can
        
        Digital/Vernier calipers
        
        Jaws
        
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        Tail
        
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        SI units
        
        Volume = m3
        
        Mass = kg
        
        Time = s
        
        Length = m
        
        Temperature = k (Kelvin)
        
        Types of Errors
        
        Parallax error
        
        Reading a marking on an instrument from a wrong angle
        
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        Viewing from a non-perpendicular angle
        
        Zero error
        
        An error in which an instrument gives a non-zero error reading when the measured quantity should be zero
        
        Positive and Negative
        
        Is a consistent error
        
        Data/Results
        
        Precise
        
        Readings are close to each other but not necessary close to the correct readings
        
        Accurate
        
        Close to the actual value
        
        Scientific research
        
        Can be done in and outside the lab
        
        Observations
        
        That describe the objects or phenomena
        
        Qualitative data
        
        Expressed in words and or drawings
        
        Uses our senses - sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste
        
        Quantitative data
        
        Measurements are numerical quantities of an object or phenomenon
        
        As Science is evidence-based, data has to be collected, usually through observation. The data is analyzed for patterns or trends, which are then used to make inferences and conclusions. These inferences and conclusions may support or reject a scientific idea
- - - - Ceramic
        
        Made from clay
        
        Poor conductor of heat
        
        Hard
        
        Can be molded into shapes
        
        Does not corrode
        
        Has a high melting point
        
        Fragile/Brittle
      - Metal
        
        Shiny (Not all metals are shiny)
        
        Good conductor of heat
        
        Good conductor of electricity
        
        Can be molded into shapes
        
        Can be bent without breaking (Durability)
      - Glass
        
        Transparent
        
        Poor conductor of electricity
        
        Poor conductor of heat
        
        Can be molded into shapes
        
        Has a high melting point
        
        Fragile/Brittle
      - Fibres
        
        Can be spun into threads and woven into fabric
        
        Able to absorb dyes
        
        Poor conductor of electricity
        
        Poor conductor of heat
      - Plastic
        
        Lightweight
        
        Does not corrode
        
        Can be molded into shapes
        
        Has a low melting point
        
        Poor conductor of electricity
        
        Poor conductor of heat
    - - Colour
      - Transparency
      - Texture
      - Electrical conductivity
      - Thermal conductivity
      - Melting point
      - Boiling point
      - Strength
      - Hardness
      - Flexibility
      - Density
        
        Amount of matter an object in proportion to its volume
        
        Mass ÷ Volume
- - - - Basic building blocks of living and non-living things
      - Grouped in the Periodic Table by their chemical properties
    - - Made up of 2 or more elements that are NOT chemically combined
      - Example: Alloy (A mixture of metas)
      - Same properties as its consistent elements
      - Can be separated using physical methods
    - - Consists of 2 or more elements chemically combined
      - Do not have the same properties as its consistent elements
      - Always chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass
      - Require a chemical reaction (+ electricity) to separate it into its consistent elements
      - Examples: Salt (Sodium Chlorine), Baking soda (Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen)
    - - Concentrated solution
        
        A solution with a high percentage of dissolved solute
      - Diluted solution
        
        A solution with a low percentage of dissolved solute
      - Saturated solution
        
        A solution where the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved into a fixed volume of solvent at a give temperature
      - A solution is a mixture in which the solute dissolves completely into the solvent
      - Solute
        
        The substance getting/being dissolved
      - Solvent
        
        The substance that the solute is dissolving into
      - Solubility
        
        How WELL the solute can dissolve into a fixed amount of a specific solvent
        
        Factors affecting
        
        Type of solvent
        
        Type of solute
      - Rate of Solubility/Rate of dissolving
        
        How FAST a solute can dissolve into a specific solvent
        
        Factors affecting
        
        Size of solute particles
        
        Temperature of solvent
        
        Rate of stirring
      - Suspension
        
        A mixture that contains insoluble substances in a solvent
- - - - Separating a mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic substances
    - - Filtration
        
        Is the process of separating substances of different particle sizes using a sieve
        
        Comprises of
        
        The mixture
        
        Filter paper
        
        Residue
        
        cannot pass through the pores of the filter paper
        
        Filtrate
        
        Able to pass through the pores of the filter paper
    - - Evaporation
        
        Is a process used to obtain a dissolved solid (solute) from a liquid (solvent)
        
        Comprises of
        
        Crucible (Evaporation dish)
        
        Solution
        
        Wire gauze
        
        Bunsen burner
        
        Result will have residue
    - - Distillation
        
        Fractional Distillation
        
        Simple Distillation but with 3 or more liquids and consists of the extra distillation column
        
        Simple Distillation
        
        Is a process that separates substances with different with different boiling points through boiling and condensation
        
        Comprises of
        
        Boiling chips
        
        Stabilize boiling
        
        Bunsen burner
        
        Wire gauze
        
        Diffuses the heat, protecting the glassware
        
        Distillation flask
        
        Contains the solution during boiling
        
        Thermometer
        
        Keeps track of the temperature of the gas
        
        Condenser
        
        Lets water flow through and gain heat from the gas
        
        Solution
        
        Container (beaker)
        
        Collects the distillate (pure substance collected after distillation [after condensation])
    - - Chromatography
        
        Is used to separate small amounts of substances that dissolve to different extends in a particular solvent
        
        Comprises of
        
        Boiling tube
        
        Filter paper
        
        Starting line (pencil)
        
        Solvent
        
        The dot that travels the furthest is the most soluble in the particular solvent
    - - Makes up of filter paper, filter funnel, residue and filtrate
      - Used to separate an insoluble solid from a mixture
      - The bigger particles of the residue will be unable to pass through the pores of the filter paper while the smaller particles of the filtrate are able to pass through