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Italy, Life in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - When relatively harmless criticism of the regime on the part of such individuals reached the authorities, their good social standing, and clean criminal and political records, could count in their favour.
  - - - catered to welfare and consumer needs (offered goods and entertainment at discount prices)
      - newsreels and theaters "fascistized"
      - adults socially obliged to participate in martial/patriotic celebrations
- - - - Would also justify Battle for Land / foreign expansion
      - ultimately failed to halt a demographic decline
        
        Birth rate actually fell between 1927 and 1934
    - - However regime unwilling to ban female employment / female access to higher education so as not to lose the support among the middle classes
- - - - Kinder (children)
      - Küche (Kitchen
      - Kirche (church)
    - - Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newlyweds a loan of 1,000 marks and 250 free marks per child
      - Mother's Cross award for women with lots of kids
      - allowed women to have a baby for an Aryan SS member
    - - Law for the Reduction fo Unemployment (gave women financial incentives to stay home)
      - didn't conscript women to help in war effort until 1943
      - BUT female labor was cheap and 2.4 million MORE women were employed in 1939 than 1933 (more women needed as economy grew)
  - - - Lots of public works (building hospitals, schools, public buildings (1936 Olympic stadium) and autobahns created 80,000 jobs
      - Rearmament led to huge economic growth (1933-1938) but only "officially" announced in 1935, created millions of jobs
      - All young men spent 6 months in National Labor Service (NLS) and then conscripted into army (no longer counted in unemployment stats)
      - Hitler claimed full employment in 1939, but some groups not counted
        
        1.4 mil men in army and men working on public works
        
        Jews that were sacked and had jobs/businesses stolen
        
        Women who were encouraged to give up jobs for men
    - - Hermann Göring (Economics Minister) tasked with self sufficiency in 4 years
        
        subsidized farmes and tightened imports, but by WWII Germany still imported 20% of food and 33% of raw materials
    - - By 1937 monopolies controlled 70% of production and Nazis had links to major companies such as Krupp Steel and IG Farben chemicals (important for rearmament)
        
        Big business profits up by 50%
      - Rules on small businesses tightened, 20% closed
    - - Hereditary Farm Law (1933) prevented farm repossession
      - agricultural wages rose quickly
    - - Labor Front replaced trade unions, which were banned. It set wages and followed will of employers, not employees
      - "Strength Through Joy" gave workers rewards for work
      - "Beauty of Labour" organization encouraged positive perception of work and encouraged factory owners to improve working conditions
      - however living standards didn't really improve (wages fell and hours worked increased by 15%)
  - - - Nazi racial beliefs of eugenics and degenerates
        
        Sterilisation of the physically and mentally disabled
        
        secret euthanasia of 100,000 physically and mentally disabled
        
        concentration camps for gays, prostitutes, Jehovah's witnesses, gypsies, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals
      - persecution of Jews
        
        1933
        
        boycott of Jewish businesses
        
        books by Jews burned
        
        Jenisch civicl servants, lawyers, and teachers sacked
        
        Race lessons taught jews were subhuman
        
        1935 (Nuremberg Laws)
        
        Jews stripped of German citizenship
        
        outlawed marriage and sex between Germans and Jews
        
        Jews lose all civil and political rights
        
        1938
        
        Jews couldn't be doctors
        
        Jews had to change name to identify as Jewish
        
        Jewish children banned from schools
        
        November 9 - Kristallnacht
        
        1939
        
        Jews forbidden to own a business or radio
        
        By WWII Jews were stateless and extremely hard to find employment
    - - Hitler signed Concordat with the Pope that allowed increased power without opposition from the Catholic Church
      - 1933 45 mil Protestants and 22 mil Catholics
      - State Reich church established to unite/control different branches of protestants
      - Catholic newspapers banned, crucifixes banned, Old Testament banned, Catholic groups/organizations oppressed
      - Hitler's attempts to control Church unsuccessful, 1937 forced to return old Protestant leadership
        
        Protestant and catholic clergy played large role in opposing Hitler and Nazis
    - - Schutzstaffel (SS) was most important
        
        Gestapo was Nazi secret police force
        
        Sicherheitsdienst was intelligence gathering agency of the SS
    - - Judges swore oath of loyalty to Hitler and carried out Nazi interests
      - All lawyers joined Nazi Lawyers' Association
      - Role of defense lawyers was weakened
      - Standard punishment for crimes abolished so prosecutors decided punishments
    - - swastika, picture of Hitler everywhere, "Heil Hitler"
      - Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda (Joseph Goebbels)
        
        Censorship of press
        
        Censorship of radio broadcasts
        
        Mass rallies
        
        Sporting events (1936 olympics used to demonstrate Aryan superiority, wins by African Americans infuriated Nazis
        
        loudspeaker blared propaganda
      - Nazi control over art, architecture, literature, theatre, film, and music
    - - In general, Nazis broadly popular for stability and economic growth
      - Protestants
        
        Martin Niemöller and other Protestants formed Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's Reich Church (Niemöller sent to concentration camp 1937-1945)
        
        Protestant pastor Dietrich Bonhöffer linked to 1944 bomb plot (later executed)
        
        1937 Hitler restored Protestant Church independence if they promised not to interfere in politics
      - Catholicism
        
        Some priests still opposed Hitler despite Concordat
        
        Pope wrote "With Burning Concern" in 1937 and denounced Hitler as a "mad prophet with repulsive arrogance"
        
        Archbishop von Galen of Munster led successful campaign to end euthanasia
        
        400 German Catholic priests put in Dachau by Nazis
      - The young
        
        Edelweiss pirates
        
        opposed Nazi youth groups
        
        sang pre-1933 folk songs
        
        over 700 arrested in 1942 and 12 hanged in 1944
        
        White Rose Group
        
        published anti-Nazi leaflets and marched in protest
        
        leaders Hans and Sophie Scholl arrested and guillotined
        
        "Swing Youth" and "Jazz Youth" danced, drank alcohol, rejected Nazi values, and were seen as degenerates by Nazis
      - German workers
        
        helped by communists
        
        posted anti-Nazi posters and graffiti
        
        organized strikes (over high food prices in 1935 and 1936
        
        Hitler banned trade unions which had protected workers rights (no protests allowed due to Enabling Act)
      - 1944 bomb plot (bomb planted by Colonel Stauffenberg) -- Hitler survived, Stauffenberg shot, and 5,000 people executed in following crackdown on opposition
  - - - Hitler Youth
        
        military style uniforms
        
        physical activity and political indoctrination
        
        prepared German boys to be future soldiers
      - League of German Maidens
        
        uniform of blue skirt, white blouse, and heavy marching shoes
        
        some physical activity but mainly domestic
        
        prepared girls for motherhood