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GEOGRAPHY :world_map: term1, image, compass directions, image, image,…
GEOGRAPHY :world_map:
term1
KEY CONCEPTS
SUSTAINABILITY
developing ways to ensure the Earth's resources be used and manage responsibly so they can be maintained for future generations
ENVIRONMENT
the living and non-living components and elements that make up an area
PLACE
a part of the earth's surface that is identified and give meaning by people.
SPACE
geographers use this concept to investigate the way things are arranged
INTERCONNECTION
to understand the links between places and people, how they interconnect
CHANGE
Earth is constantly changing result of natural forces and human activity
SCALE
study things that take place on many different spital levels, used to look for explanations and outcomes at different levels
MAPPING SKILLS
Key features of a map
B
order
O
rientation
L
egend
T
itle
S
cale
(
S
ource)
Oceans:
Arctic
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
Southern
Continents:
North America
South America
Africa
Australia
Europe
Asia
Antartica
PHYSICAL FEATURES
on a map are those that are natural and not modified by humans
e.g.
mountains and oceans
CULTURAL FEATURES
on a map are those that are made by humans
e.g.
building and roads
AREA REFERENCING
is used to locate where a feature is on the map using a 4 digit number
GRID REFERENCING
how to specify where a feature is specifically on the map using a 6 digit number
TYPES OF MAPS
DOT DISTRIBUTION MAP
use the dots to represent of different features. the dots show the location of the chosen feature and the size and colour can show different characteristics of that feature.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
show the shape of the land by using contour lines
WEATHER MAP
show conditions in the atmosphere such as air pressure, wind speed and wind direction
PHYSICAL MAPS
show the locations and names of natural features on Earth
e.g.
rivers, mountains and oceans
POLITICAL MAPS
show the locations and names of built features of the Earth
e.g.
country borders, state and territory borders
FLOW MAPS
show movement from one place to another. arrows of different thickness or colours are used to show where different thickness are moving to and from
LAND FORMS
SADDLE
the lowest point between two mountain points
RIDGE
a long narrow area of highland areas
HILL
an area of land that is higher than the surrounding area, not being tall enough to be classified as a mountain unless its height is more than 500 metres
SPUR
a finger of highland often valleys are separated by spurs
VALLEY
a long usually narrow indentation in Earth's surface. most valleys have rivers
PLATEAU
an elevated area of fairly level land
LATITUDE
The invisible horizontal lines (n/s) the sunrays hit, closer to the equator hotter, the further colder.
LONGITUDE
the angular distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
AFRICAS DISAPPEARING LAKE
Population growth is one of the main contributions to the disappearance of Lake Chad. The increasing population in the region, increases the demand for water to irrigate crops. The population of all four affected countries is expected to double by 2050 adding another 300 million people to the region. The impacts of population growth conclude the problem of Lake Chads water capacity decreasing faster.
Climate Change is another main contributor to the disappearance of Lake Chad. The increasing desertification in Lake Chad is caused by extremely high rates of evaporation due to the climate and shallowness of the lake. The decrease in the large rainfall events such as monsoonal storms is also the cause of Lake Chad disappearing through climate change.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
DEGRADATION
ATMOSPHERE
DEGRADING THE ATMOSPHERE
refers to pollutants released into the atmosphere from factories and transport that are disturbing the natural balance of gases that form in the atmosphere
fossil fuels
produce large quantities of carbon dioxide when burned and these emissions trap the heat into the atmosphere that lead to climate change
LAND
LAND DEGRADATION
refers to the loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land-based environments as a result of human activities
the impacts that can occur is erosions, sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, the contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by the chemicals emitted from the
mining
and
deforestation
process
WATER
DEGRADING WATER
refers to extracting water from rivers to use in home, factories and farms, and damming rivers for water supply, flood control and hydroelectricity have all affected the health of inland waters
the impacts of
overfishing
is to degrading water is that fisherman take a copious amount leaving not enough fish to breed and replenish
CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE
refers to the long term permanent shift in some or all parts of the weather conditions experienced in an area
CAUSES
fossil fuels
agriculture
deforesation
FOSSIL FUELS
makes up 76% of greenhouse has emissions
when burned (e.g. coal) they produce carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse effect causing climate change
AGRICULTURE - METHANE
makes up 24% of our greenhouse gas emissions
methane is the second-largest contributor to global warming
produced by livestock (cows and sheep) as they chew their food
currently 1.4 billion cattle on Earth, one cow produced 60-80kgs of methane each year
DEFORESTATION
as trees grow they remove and store carbon dioxide from the air
when trees are cut down or burned, their stored carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide
IMPACTS
biodiversity loss
changes in temperature and rainfall (increase in natural disasters
e.g.
droughts and floods)
ocean (temperature increase, sea levels and coral bleaching)
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
BIODIVERSITY
refers to the variety of different organisms on the planet
CAUSES
habitat change due to deforestation
overexploitation of resources such as freshwater
pollution of land, water and air
the spread of invasive species
climate change brought about human activity
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
refers to the decrease in the number, type or variety of living organisms within an environment
IMPACTS
threatens the structure and proper functioning of the ecosystem
structure of the food chain
humans rely on plants and animals for food and medicines
increases the spread of diseases
impacts food security
SALINITY
SALINITY
refers to the movement and concentration of salt in the landscape
in parts of WA the coil contains 170-950 tonnes of salt per 10 000m2
Australia's native vegetation has adapted to the salty soils
the native deep-rooted trees and shrubs soak up much of the rainwater entering the soil
this keep the water table low in the ground and means the salt stays deep in the soil away from plant roots
SINCE THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS
changed in the Australian landscape since the arrival of the Europeans have altered the salinity of the land
large areas of native vegetation have been cleared and replaced with shallow-rooted crops and grasses
this means that much more water is healed in the soil and so the water table rises bringing with it the salt
salt collects in low lying areas, killing plants
as water evaporates, salt is left at or near the surface, creating salt pans where nothing can grow
the salt also moves across the landscape turning freshwater streams into salty drains
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
THE FOUR S's
SPIRITUALLY
refers to the personal relationships that human beings have with the environment
e.g.
the connection that Indigenous Australians have with the land, the experience of spending time in the natural environment
SERVICES
refers to the things that are done naturally by the natural environment that don't produce consumable resources
e.g.
forests absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, wetlands filter water and slow floodwater
SOURCES
refers to the natural products that can be used or converted by humans
e.g.
mineral deposits such as coal which we turn into fuel, iron ore for manufacturing, timber and food sources
SINKS
refers to the process in the natural environment that absorb our waste
e.g.
micro-organisms in oceans break down soil spills, bacteria in soil breaks down human waste
humans have the ability to degrade the environment to such an extent that the ecosystem services on which we rely become threatened
ecosystem services > humans receive benefits from nature's ecosystem
compass directions
