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Hyperkalaemia, Hypokalaemia, aetiology - Coggle Diagram
Hyperkalaemia
aetiology
acidosis - extracellular shift of K+ , DKA
drugs; spironlactone, NSAID, Trimethoprim, Ace-inhibitors linked to level of renal function, beeta-agonists , digoxin
reduced renal excretion due to chronic or acute kidney failure
insulin deficiency; insulin inc sodium/potassium pump
management;intravenous administration of either calcium chloride (10% solution) or calcium gluconate (10% solution)
insulin/dextrose infusion
nebulised salbutamol
haemodialysis
definition;hyperkalaemia is defined as a serum potassium value >5.5 mmol/L
risk factors
epidemiology
signs; muscle weakness, flacciud paralysis, depressed tendon reflexes , bradycardia
symptoms; tingling, chest pain, palipitation (can cause arrthymia), gas and bloating
investigations; urine dipstick, ECG, FBC, metabolic panel (serum potassium, glucose, bicarbonate, urea and creatine) , VBG, Lithium heparin sample
Hypokalaemia
aetiology
inc entry into cells; respiratory alkalosis, catecholamines, insulin promotes K+ into skeletal muscle and hepatic cells
GI lossess; vomiting, diarrhoea, laxatives
decreased potassium intake; low potassium intake due to anorexia nervosa, diuretic therapy, protein diets
inc potassium loss in urine: primary aldosteronism, ectopic ACTH syndrome
sweating
management
Regular monitoring - weekly to several times weekly, depending on severity.
iv potassium in certain groups e.g diabetic, unable to tolerate intake
investigations
metabolic panel; serum sodium, potassium, glucose, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, and creatinine
urine electrolytes e.g. potassium and chlorode
ECG
definition:serum potassium levels that are <3.5mmol/L
epidemiology
risk factors
clinical signs; generalised weakness
clinical symptoms; fatigue, constipation, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting
aetiology