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Lymphatic/Immune System Phuong Phan Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
Phuong Phan
Period 5
Major Functions of
Lymphatic System
protect body from foreign antigens
filters wastes & lymph fluids
Transport/produce lymph to parts of the body to fight off infections
returns/drained leaked fluids to the blood
absorbs fat in digestive system
Major Function of
Immune System
defends body from diseases/infections
prevent pathogens from entering the body
induce inflammatory responses to prevent spreads
kills pathogens/cancer cells
provide memory for immune cells to fight off future diseases
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
2 Functional Categories
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph Node
glands that cleanse lymph
Lymph
white clear fluid made of lymphocytes that attacks pathogens
filters debris that enter the lymph
has capsule, medulla, cortex
site where lymphocytes encounters antigens&is activated to to fight foreign antigens
Spleen
cleanse blood
stores platelets, monocytes,
removes old/defective red blood cells by breaking them down
in the upper side of abdomen next to stomach
MALT
(mucosa-associated lymphoid issues)
stops pathogens from invading mucous membrane
site for proliferation/activation of lymphocytes
no capsules/cortex/medulla
Peyer's Patches
clusters of lympoid follicles
in small intestines
prevents bacteria growing in intestines by destroying them
Appendix( not part of it)
at the end of large intestine
prevent bacteria from entering the intestinal walls
generate memory lymphocytes
Tonsils
located at the entrance of the throat
prevent germs from getting into the body
has follicles, no capsules
involves mouth and nose to prevent pathogens from entering
Primary lymphoid Organs
Red Bone Marrow
produce B and T cells (origin)
produce all red blood cells
Thymus
No follicles, yes epithelial stroma
T cells become immunocompetent cells here
Where T cells mature
Antigens
things that mobilize adaptive defenses and triggers an immune response
Complete or hapten antigen
self antigen
covered by proteins that are antigenic to other cells, but not to self
ex. MHC protein
major histocompatibilty
holds foreign antigens for T cells to recognize
VERY important for T cells to respond to antigen
antigenic determinants
Innate Immune System
1st Line of Defense
surface barriers
Skin&Mucosae membrane
Keratin can resist against pathogens
physical barrier against microorganisms
3 protective chemicals
Enzymes
kills microrganisms
in saliva, stomach
in respiratory mucus
Mucid
mucus that in digestive lines
in respiratory tracts that traps pathogens
Acid
Inhibits Growth
Nonspecific
2nd Line of Defense
Protect deeper tissues
Phagocytes
digest pathogens
Neutrophil
most abundant
digest, but dies killing antigens
Macrophages
most robust, same function
Natural Killers
kills virus-infected cells and cancer cells
triggers apoptosis
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory
Chemical Release
chemicals are released by injured tissues cells
Make capillaries leaky
Vasodilation/Increase
vascular permeability
increase leakiness of blood vessels
Phagocyte mobilization
Phagocytes arrives
neutrophils and then macrophages gathers
they do their jobs to get rid of the pathogens
Fever
Antimicrobial Proteins
Nonspecific
Adaptive Immune defense
3rd Line of Defense
Attacks specific foreign antigens
Specific
targets specific cells
Systemic:
can go to many places
Involves memory cells
2 branches
Humoral
B cells
Can become an effector cell or plasma cell
makes antibodies that's specific for an antigen
must bind with antigen to differientiate
antibodies bind to target cell&marks it for destruction
Active
When B cells meets with foreign antigen&produce antibodies against them
Artificially Acquired
formed when there's vaccine of dead pathogens
Naturall Acquired
forms when there's virus/bacteria
Passive
When antibodies are already in the body
Naturally Acquired
Breastfeed through milk
Artificially acquired
injections are used(serum)
Cellular immunity
Involves T cells
defends cells against intracellular antigens
takes longer than humoral immunity
directly
Kills cells directly
Indirectly
release chemicals that activates other phagocytes
Antibodies
proteins that are secreted from plasma cells
binds and inactivates foreign antigens
B cells searches for foreign antigen
and release this
Structure
Y/T shaped
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
variable(v) regions forms antigen binding sites
stem consists of C(constant) region
Cells Involved
in immune system
Antigen
Presenting Cells (APC)
Macrophages
widely distributed
activates T cells by presenting antigens and other macrophages
creates inflammatory response
B Lymphocytes
present antigens to helper T cells for them to activate other cells
Dendritic Cells
in epidermis CT
key link btw adaptive/innate system
engulfs pathogens and then
presents the antigens on surface to T cells
Plasma Cells
effector cells
that secrete
antibodies
Memory cells
in charge of immunological memory
Primary immune response
response occurs when antigen is in our body for the first time
takes 3-6 days for anitbodies to be produced
peaks after 10 days
secondary immune response
re-exposure to the same antigen
reacts much faster=more antibodies produced faster(hours)
remain longer and peaks faster
Effector T cells
Helper T cells
activates cellular/humoral repsonses
activate B and T cells
release cytokines that attracts other immune cells
amplify innate responses
Cytotoxic T Cell
directly destroys other cells
destroys infected cells, ones with bacteria,&cancer cells
release 2 proteins that triggers apoptosis
can also bind to target cells and triggers apoptosis
Regulatory/suppressor T cells
prevents autoimmune diseases
White Blood Cells
Phagocytes
engulfs/digest pathogens
neutrophils
most abundant, dies while doing its job
macrophages
robust, engulfs
Natural killers
kills cancer cells/virus ones by inducing apoptosis
Disorders related with immune system
Immunodeficiencies
natural/acquired conditions that affects immune cells' functions
Seveere combined immunodeficiency
B/T cells deficit
Hodgkin's disease
cause cancer of B cells
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV affects helper T cells
Autoimmune Dz
when your immune system attacks your own body
Autoimmunity
productions of cytotoxic T cells to destroy tissues
Hypersentivities
basically allergies when the body reacts to something that isn't that harmful for other people