Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Immune System--Alondra Cobian P.5, image, image - Coggle Diagram
The Immune System--Alondra Cobian P.5
Major Functions of Lymphatic System (Organs)
Maintains fluid levels and removes leakages from blood vessels
Filters blood and produces white blood cells
Removes defective blood cells and stores important ions/nutrients
Respond and detect pathogens or invaders
produce Lymph nodes--
functions
clean out the lymph
filter out damaged cells
produce cells and antibodies to protect from infection
Major Functions of the Immune System
protects body from harmful substances
fights disease causing bacteria and viruses
recognition and removal of abnormal cells
removes dead and damaged tissues and cells
Lymphatic System Anatomy
Locations
Spleen
--abdominal area(stomach) under the diaphram
Thymus
--inside ribcage, behind breastbone
Tonsils
--in the back of the throat inside the mouth
Peyer's Patches
--small intestine
Appendix
--lower right abdomen
Red Bone Marrow
--medullary cavity of flat bones
Functions
Spleen
--filters the blood, contains, produces and stores lots of defense cells. Removes microbes and destroys damaged cells
Thymus
--filters and monitors blood, produces T-Lymphocytes (where they mature) and are important for cell mediated response
Tonsils
--stop germs from entering the body through and they contain lots of white blood cells
Appendix
--stores plenty of good bacteria for the digestive system (said to be unnecessary though)
Peyer's Patches
--important in monitoring digestive bacteria and preventing pathogenic growth
Red Bone Marrow
--generate red and white blood cells and produce B-lymphyotces (most important) and also T-lymphs
Innate (natural/nonspecific) immune system
1st line of defense
--external body membranes skin and mucus
1) physical barrier to most microorganisms
2) Keratin is resistant to weak acids/bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
3) mucosa provide similar mechanical barriers
2nd line of defense
--antimicrobial proteins phagocytes and other cells inhibit the spread of invaders;
inflammation
necessary if invaders invade deeper tissues
Phagocytes
(white blood cells that ingest invaders);
Natural Killer Cells
(non-phagocytes, police blood and lymph, kills cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors, kill by inducing apoptosis in bad cells, enhance inflammatory response);
Macrophages
(develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells most robust phagocytic cell);
MAST cells
(recognize harmful cells by attaching themselves to the antigens of the pathogens and triggering other reactions);
Neutrophils
(most abundant phagocytes but die fighting)
inflammation
: triggered after injuries
1) redness
2) heat
3) swelling
4) pain
SIGNS:
inflammation stages
1) inflammatory chemical release
ex) histamine released by Mast cells--> key inflammatory chemicals
kinins, prostaglandins (PiGs), cytokines
cause vasodilation of arterioles, leaky capillaries, and attract phagocytes
2) vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
3) phagocyte mobilization
neutrophils flood area first
macrophages follow
if inflammation is due to pathogens, complement is activated
Adaptive (acquired/specific) immune system
3rd line of defense
--> attacks particular foreign substance (take longer to react than innate)
specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cells in the body
Specific
: recognizes and targets specific antigens
Memory
: mounts on even stronger attack to "known" antigens (B and T lymphs)
Systemic:
not restricted to initial site
Humoral Response (Antibody-mediated response)
antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate freely in body fluids
bind temporarily to target cells
With helper T-cells, B-cells differentiate into Plasma B cells to produce antibodies against antigens
Passive Humoral Immunity
--occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body.
1)
Naturally Acquired
--antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or o infant through milk
2)
Artificially Acquire
d--injection of serum, like gamma globulin
Active Humoral Immunity
--occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
1) Naturally Acquired
--formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infections
2) Artificially Acquire
d--formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
--lymphocytes that act against target cell
Directly-->
killing infected cells
indirectly-->
releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or activate other lymphs and macrophage
T-cells provide defense against intracellular antigen
CD4 Cells-
-helper t cells that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages
some CD4=
[regulatory T cells
(moderate immune responses)
CD8 cells
=
cytotoxic cells
that destroy cells with foreign antigens
Antigens, Antibodies, and Cells involved in the Immune System
Antigens
mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Characterists
--> 1) complete antigen of haplen 2) antigenic determinents 3)self-antigen
Self antigens
--cells covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in translusions or grafts
glycoproteins=MHC proteins
contain groove that can hold piece of self-antigen or foreign antigen. -->recognizable by T-lymphocytes
Antibodies
immunoglobins
--proteins secreted by plasma cells --> can bind with antigen detected by B-cells
Structure
T or Y shaped monomer with 4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
chains=2 identical heavy chains with hinge region @ middles
2 identical right (L) regions
combine to identical antigen-bindinfg sites
5 classes--IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
**
DON'T DESTROY ANTIGENS, THEY INACTIVATE AND TAG THEM
Cells
B Cells
--humoral immunity-- can assist in T cell activation. produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. THEY ARE ALSO MEMORY CELLS
T Cells
--cellular immunity--they respond to antigens on MHC proteins on the surface of the cell by major histocompatibility. MORE COMPLEX MEMORY CELLS THAN B CELLS
Dendritic Cells
--enter tissues and lymphocytes to present antigens to T cells in lymph node (link innate and adaptive immunity)
Macrophages
--trigger inflammatory responses. An activated macrophage becomes a phagocytic killer
Cytokines
--mediate cell development, differentiation, and responses in immune system--amplify and regulate innate and adaptive responses
Cytotoxic Cells
--attack and kill other infected cells///lethal hits with Tc cell releases perforin and gransymes by exocytosis and they bind on a membrane receptor and stimulate apoptosis
Disorders
Pus
--creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue cells, living and dead pathogens
Abscess
--collagen fibers are laid down, walling off sac-->pus will need to be drained
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
--cripples immune system by interfering with helper T cells--Destroys TH cells which makes it easier for other viruses to infect the body and weaken the immune system.
autoimmunity
: productivity of autoantibodies and sensitized Tc Cells that destroys own body tissues
Rheumatoid arthriti
s--destroys joints
Graves' disease
--causes hyperthyroidism
multiple sclerosis
-destroys white matter myelin
immediate hypersensitivity
--allergies are caused when antigen causes allergic reactions--> causes histamine release from IgEs resulting in induced inflammatory response
