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Metaphysics - Coggle Diagram
Metaphysics
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Plato
Idea - derived from eidos; The essence of a thing, a non-material (eternal, immutable and perfect) form; a form (in Aristotle), a concept
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-isms
Idealism - a view that only ideas (or forms) posses genuine reality (Plato) - objective (related to reality or physical objects);a view according to which only mind and mental representations exist and there is no independently existing external material world (Berkley) - subjective (Existing in the mind or relating to one's own thoughts, opinions, emotions, etc.; personal, individual, based on feelings)
materialism - claims that matter alone exists. It implies a denial of the existence of minds, spirits, divine beings etc, in so far as these are taken to be non-material
dualism - has at its basis two radically distinct concepts or principle; it acknowledges the ideal and the material as equals
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Essence and Phenomenon
Essence - what a thing is; in Plato essence is the idea/form of the thing; in Aristotle the essence refers to the telos (purpose); the thing-in-itself
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Aristotle
Hylomorphism is a concept that every physical object is a compound of matter and form. There are 4 causes: Material, Formal, Efficient and Final - telos (purpose)
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Being and Nothing
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Is there nothing? We may consider nothing as non-existence in the context of metaphysics and ontology.
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Definition
metaphysics is an inquiry which leads to understanding the ultimate reality which lies beyond what we confront in sensory experience. Such an inquiry is not sensory but is based on rational analysis or insight.
Ontology (ontos = being)
an inquiry, or theory of, being
Areas of inquiry
Mind, god, death, language & meaning