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Chapter 8 Enlightenment of Independence - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 8 Enlightenment of Independence
Medical Perspective and Hearing Aids
attempts to replace deafness
compensate or recover with various devices
19th century attitudes negative
hearing loss
aids noticeable on body
stigma and public negative causing to conceal hearing aids
medical professionals were "divine beings"
First hearing aid
manufacture by Frederick C. Rein in London F.C Rein and Son (1800)
non-electric hearing aids such as ear trumpets, acoustic urns, speaking tubes for churches.
1819, acoustic throne for King Goa (John) of Portugal.
throne designed so sound travel through head of lions mounted on end of armrests, down to box in seat, hearing tube at back of throne
throne was used when ruled from brazil, visitors kneeled and spoke
earliest hearing aid granted in 1855 in the US for earscoops
vacuum tube technology early 1920s
evolve from mechanical types to electrical-based types
hearing aids become more powerful
provide greater benefits for users
devices look like tabletop radios and appliances
look like women purses or concealed in them
hidden view by under clothing or brassiers
1 more item...
batteries in separate pouch tied to thigh
men - insert in shirt or suit pocket, tie clasps
women - barrettes or concealed in hairdos
invisible hearing aids
promoted in magazines and newpapers
1 more item...
transistors development in 1952. miniaturized hearing aid
design and manufacture hearing aids
as eyeglasses or behind ears, inside ears
aid prescribed to fit ones needs
Auditory Enhancement
Cochlear implants (CI) began in 1950s
Dr. William House
1984- mvmt to restore hearing in infants and adults
device for inner ear
bypasses bones of inner ear, electrodes surgically implanted
implant secured inside skull, sound and speech processor worn
held by magnet connect to implant
do not restore normal hearing, provide representation of sounds and understand speech
surgery
deaf and hard of hearing opt to have
parents consider ci for child review beforehand
approved by US FDA in 1984
120,000 people worldwide received it
controversy
decision regret
problem / failures
removed due to incisions not healing properly
2004- recall, moisture in implant, cause loud noises or complete soundless
2003- 3 alerts made by FDA
Communication Access
telephones were not avail
letters were used
stamps cost 3 cents
important to deaf
shared news were private
TTY used in mid-1960s, good for TTY-TTY communication
Access for Deaf-Blind People
not fully blind
federal definition is someone posess 20/200 vision by vision test
deaf blind be in between, depend on defined
SSP programs
between deaf-blind and environment
provide access by transportation avail
relay visual and environmental information, visual description
use deaf-blind preference of communication
Service dogs
hearing dogs use to alert sounds
Borrowed Voices
considered as technology
borrowing morphed into commercial commodity
increase access, less isolated from community
Visual / Tactile Alerting Devices
most common wakening was a household cat or dog
jump on bed to wake up masters/mistress
wind-up alarm clock
wired an electric lamp to clock, plug end of power to outlet
if forget animals hungry go
tactile alarm
wake up heavy sleepers
vibrator, bed shaker, connect to alarm clock
place under pillow or mattress
doors unlocked
visitors pound door so house vibrate
grope light switch and flash lights
if no answer, wave, pound on door, leave note
Enhanced Quality of Life: Technology
Late 1800s, half of 1900s
Deaf people lacked instant communication technology
useful news or interest among peers were rare
radios if used, served as a tabletop prettification, except in residencies with hearing people
Captions
Television Programs
before tv captions, many faves were intrigued
humor easy to follow but dialogue not
Norwood, in 1972 Bostons WGBH TV station
grant Captioned films for the deaf, 26 episodes of PBS
No live captions, written in advanced
open captions were hindering from visual distraction
close caption boost from Commission on Ed of Deaf in 1988
Spin-Offs
CART, trained stenograph instant convert spoken words into text
print shown on computer and project on screen
used in court or meeting, large lecture rooms
less expensive and equipment C-print
program with list of word and use rules, dictionary like
Movies
deaf people continued to go, look at pictures and figure conversations
discounts
open-captioned in 1949, financial support
1950, president Eisenhower sign into law
Library of Congress run program, later US Dep of Ed
Described and Caption Media Program
caption theatrical movies and educational film
Malcom Norwood, 1972 first deaf chief of captioned films
John Gough, Gilbert Delgado both hearing
captioned film of educational nature, loaned to school, org, and deaf club
supper club, ntil rental came out
vide variety of video and films in genres
In-theater
3 types of captioning
rear window
project on transparent screen on seat holders
reflected from back of theater
deaf not fond, prefer open caption
personal-size
palm-size caption
use wireless radio transmission
limited basis
offer eyeglasses feature, word crawl in eyes
open
burned on film
shown to all theater
Telephone Communication
TTY Relay Service
used between users
first realy, ca was a hearing use tty and telephone
CA recieved type message from TTY user dial number, spoke message to hearing on other end
start in late 1960, served loval population only
later in cities, volunteer basis
Paul Taylor
help set up with 20 families
unskill volunteers and minum wage operate early
services limited
10-20 minutes, weak typing, poor grammar, no confidential
late 1980s relay service viewed as welfare program
1988, DPN protest, helped funding
1990, ADA title IV, improve, required all phone companies provide services
VideoPhones (Signed Communication Video)
Picture Phone in 1964, world fair in nyc
sorenson communications, 2003 free
enabled with video came, top of tv set, internet require
1990, Ed Bosson, suggest use exist video tech for relay calls
1995, 4 public call center run first trail, run by sprint
second trail expanded to 10 cities, VRI
1998, VRI test in texas and washington, change to VRS
Printed
send message over telephone lines
early 1960, send telegrams
tty machines loaned to families for free
TDI,
1974, Lee Brody, first Braille TTY for deaf-blind users
Video Relay Services
2002, reality nationwide
sweden , then us
10 film authorized to provide VRS
ability to accept messages and forward to deaf users
VRI, on site interpret, work, medical setting, police, school
off site or locate remotely
hearing prefer VRS and VRI
staple feature for deaf
911 not accessible