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Unit 2 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 2
Unit 2.3
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Second World War, Rationing and Development of Utility
1939-45 - severe shortage of goods - rationing for fair distribution of essential goods such as food, clothing, fuel, timber and furniture.
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*Utility furniture scheme - basic, simply designed products were available
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Contemporary Times, fashion and the demand for mass production of furniture and decorative products
After WW2, designs lacked excitement and design that people wanted after war.
Council of Industrial Design (COID) was set up in 1944 - improve standards of design to evade letting Britain getting left behind on the design front.
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Scandinavian design with plywood - Lovet table in 1956. Able to be disassembled and easy to transport/store.
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Mircoelectronics
Semi conducting materials such as silicone created electronic switches and amplifiers and opened the world of miniaturisation.
1950/60s - development of integrated circuits (ICs)
ICs consist of multiple transistors and other components formed on a single silicon chip.
They made massive reductions to the size of components, circuits and products where possible
10 billion transistors can be incorporated in one device. We have reached a saturation point and so designers need to consider this when designing for the future.
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New Materials
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Glulam
Several pieces of timber glued together to create strong, composite components.
Buildings, bridges and other structures.
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Variants such as cross laminated timber are more sheet based and have strength in both directions for creative designs.
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Kevlar
A form of aromatic polyamide (a polymer with ring like molecules connected in long chains) artificial fibre.
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*bulletproof vests, puncture resistant tyres and aeronautical applications
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Nanomaterials
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coating product and materials in medical and energy. Samsung coats battery in graphene coated anodes to extend battery life.
Graphene - high tensile strength, heat resistant and high electrical conductivity.
Great potential for product design but lack of recyclability and potential toxicity of some nanomaterials means they are used with caution.
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Social, Moral, Ethical Design
Social issues are those such as:
Environment, health, poverty, discrimination and unemployment.
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Corporate Social Responsibility - A self-regulatory scheme which gives companies a framework for ensures their social and sustainability is optimised.
Inclusivity
United Airlines handed out white carnations to passengers when started serving a new first class route to Hong Kong.
White symbolises death and misfortune.
South East Asia toothpaste company had a slogan of ‘whitens your teeth’.
Local custom - blackening teeth made you more attractive as demons and animals had white teeth.
BSI definition of ‘inclusivity’ - The design of mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible...without the need for special adaption or specialised design’.
The Disability Discrimination Act (DDS) of 1995 does not dictate requirements for product design, it brought about many accessibility improvements - particularly public transport.
Unit 2.2
Arts and Craft
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Machinery and factory based production created products with unnecessarily ornate decoration and meant the appreciation of materials was lost
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William Morris, C.F.A Voysey
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Art Deco
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Geometric shapes, sunburst motifs, rays from central point and ziggurat
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Ceramicist Claris Cliff, Eileen Gray, Alvar Aalto & Walter Teague
Modernism
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Bauhuaus
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Embraced machines and used modern machinery to create finishes and fabrication methods alongside natural appearances and simple geometric forms
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Streamlined Age
Rapid growth in transport design was often the design influence for products in the 1940s and 50s which began to suggest speed and movement
Interest in Science and the race to put the first man on the moon started to be a feature of product styling
Postmodernism
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Extremely abstract, yet functional
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Memphis
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“radical, funny, and outrageous”—essentially, disregarding what was considered in “good taste” at that time
Laminate and Terrazzo materials, which were usually found on floors, were incorporated into tables and lamps.
Squiggles, aka the Bacterio print, was designed by Sottsass in 1978
Bright, multi-colored objects with a rejection of typical shapes. Often, instead of chair legs being rectangular, they’d be circles or triangles.
James Dyson
British Design engineer who has developed household products. Wheel barrows, vacuum cleaners and hand dryer. Bagless vacuum cleaner utilising dust extraction system to separate particles from clean air. Through detailed product analysis, Dyson identified problems with existing systems.
Margaret Calvert
Highly influential graphic designer who developed the Transport font and many of the standard pictograms used on the UK road signs. The development of the stylised silhouette forms for the signage produced simple and clear communication with motorists.
Dieter Rams - Braun
Is innovative - modern materials, technologies and approaches
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Unit 2.1
Iterative Design
Cyclic process, not 'one process at a time
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Ergonomics
Easy, comfort and efficiency
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Needs, Wants and Values
Physical needs(elderly,disabled), Emotional wants (ambitions), eco-conscious consumers
Primary Research
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Immersion
Pregnant ladies - Pregnancy suit, Thick gloves - Arthritis, Frosted Glasses - Visually impaired
Secondary Research
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Identify suitable materials, components and construction methods
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Unit 2.4
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Thinking Hats
A method developed by Edward de Bono as a method of improving creative discussion about ideas. The thinking hats technique uses 6 different colour hats - representing a way of looking at things.
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Evaluation and Testing
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-when design proposal is being produced - good quality 3D CAD drawings to gain feedback and further design iterations
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Unit 2.5
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Product Recalls
Lithium-ion batteries catching fire in Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner aircraft - entire fleet was grounded. Several hundred million dollars lost.
The cost of rectifying faults at design stage compares to implementing changes during manufacture and pales into insignificance compares to the large sums that can be involved with a product is recalled for repair or scrapping due to safety reasons.
3rd Party Feedback
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United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) is responsible for checking and monitoring the work of the many agencies that certificate testing and inspection of the products, and their manufacture.
BSI is the UK’s most significant UKAS accredited organisation since it publishes a range of standards that are used in design and manufacture of products.
Standards
Many of these standards deal with product testing and evaluation relating to safety but designers also need to be aware of a range of issues to ensure success of their product.
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Units 2.7
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Precision
Precise measurements are ones in which there is very little spread about the mean value. Precision depends only on the extent of random errors – it gives no indication of how close results are to the true value.
Accuracy & Tolerance
Accuracy is essential in order to design, manufacture and test products within the tolerance specified so that they will function effectively.
This can only be achieved by the correct use of appropriate measuring and marking out tools. Additional equipment is also used to reduce the possibility of measuring and marking out errors, particularly in large scale product.
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Using Measuring Aids
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TEMPLATES
A rigid shape or pattern, made from manufactured board or sheet metal used to transfer a design onto a workpiece.
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Unit 2.6
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Checklists
A checklist such as this used in conjunction with HSAW, COSHH and the PP Clothing Regs 2002 will help employees and aid good safety practices.
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Unit 2.8
Responsible Design
Only 1 in every 10,000
products are designed with the environment in mind…
Recycle
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Glass crushed, melted and made into new bottles.
Plastic bottles recycled into drainage pipes and clothing. (It takes 25 two-litre plastic bottles to make one fleece.)
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Secondary recycling - end of products life, materials recycled to make different products.
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Reduce
Consumers need to look to reduce the number of products they buy, or consider buying products that use less energy.
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Retailers can reduce carbon emissions by transporting products straight to the consumer from the place of manufacture, instead of via warehouses and shops
Reuse
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Glass milk bottles are a classic product that is reused. A more recent product that can be reused is a printer cartridge, which can be refilled.
Some products have filters that can be washed rather than using disposable, single-use filters.
Consumers could sell or donate products they no longer use themselves, so that someone else can use them.
Rethink
Designers and manufacturers can make products that do the same job more efficiently. They can design the packaging so that it is easier to recycle (for example, by making the packaging from a single material).
Consumers can ask the question, “Do I really need this product?” (Do you really need to replace your mobile phone every year?)
Refuse
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Should they refuse the product because it is too inefficient (in use, or in its use of materials)?
Should they refuse the product because its packaging creates too much waste? (Disposable cups from the coffee shop, plastic carrier bags from the supermarket, plastic water bottles.)
Repair
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It takes fewer resources to replace a part of a product, than to replace the whole item.
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Energy and Resources
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When designing, consideration must be given to the minimal use of materials to save resources and energy in production.
Designers also have a responsibility to use materials that can be or have already been recycled. I.e. recycled polymers in mobile phones.
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Circular Economy
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Aims to use materials in a way that ensures a continual cycle of reuse and remanufacture - without utilising wasteful resources or having products end their life in landfill.
he design of products for minimum impact on the environment including raw material extraction, consumption, ease of repair, maintenance, end of life, disposal and energy use
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• the impact of waste, surplus and by-products created in the process of manufacture
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• A circular economy aims to use materials in a way that ensures a continuous cycle of reuse and remanufacture
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