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Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially…

- - - - This could be used as inherency arg for aff,
      - or possibly a solvency arg for neg - state and local governments are where the real water protections happen
  - - - The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the foundation for the protection of surface water quality in the United States. The 1987 amendments to CWA established the Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management Program, which addresses the need for greater federal leadership to help focus state and local nonpoint source efforts..
      - [.
        Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 .
        
        NYT report in 2009 said 20% of water systems violating SDWA but <6% of water systems that broke the law were fined or punished in any way
        
        Idea for AFF Plan - Enforce the SDWA of 1974
      - An overview and glossary of water law in the US, a 1 page intro to the topic, a set of links to water laws by Texas A&M law school, and a 40 page overview of the history of US water policy.
      - Major Court Cases in US water law history
    - - Agriculture Department
      - Army Corps of Engineers (dams, rivers)
      - EPA
      - Fish and Wildlife Service
      - Others?
- - - - Water protectors trying to stop the Dakota Access Pipeline
      - If this is native land, would this be in the US or not?
- - - - ideas for solutions/aff plan: algae eats bactgeria in sewer water
        
        advantages
        
        cleans up pollution
        
        creates clean energy
      - American Society of Civil Engineers said our water system deserves a grade of D because of aging infrastrucutre.
        
        ASCE says there is a Water main break every 2 minutes, spilling 6 billion gallons of water every day
      - 1.5 million people don't have access to clean water
      - According to ASCE, There are 2.2 million miles of pipe in the US, but only an estimated 12,000 miles were planned to be replaced in 2020. This is about .5%, meaning it would take 200 years to replace our existing pipes if we kept neglecting our water infrastructure for that long. And pipes don't last nearly that long.
        
        Possible pipe replacement AFF plan, but inherency problem due to Biden's Infrastructure bill?
      - Aff Plan - invest in water infrastructure ASCE report
        
        "Service disruptions caused by damage and flooding from increasing storms, in addition to water shutoffs and deteriorating infrastructure, will cost businesses an estimated $116 billion by 2029 and will soar to $264 billion by 2039. This will affect production costs for businesses and, in turn, consumer pricing. Investment in water infrastructure, notes the study authors, could provide a path to economic recovery from the pandemic, leading to a brighter future."
        
        Quoting from the report, “If investment is increased to address these shortfalls now, the US GDP would grow by $4.5 trillion in 20 years. This investment would create 800,000 new jobs and household disposable income would rise by more than $2,000 per household."
        
        on "Economic Benefits of Inesting in Water Infrastrure: How a Failure to Act Would Affect the US Economic Recovery. Says need is for $1 trillion over course of next 25 years. 7 min video summarizing.
      - Possible Aff Plan: Use New Scientific tools to better and more accurately measure risks
    - - Flint MI example
        
        Netflix series called Flint
        
        Many other cities face lead poisoning too
    - - Watch movies on this topic
        
        Erin Brockovich
        
        A Civil Action
  - - - Possible aff plan: Recovery of phosphorous from urine and now expanding to the US and see video
  - - - "Yes, water conservation is necessary because: (i) Water distribution is uneven and large tracts are deficient in rain as well as groundwater. (ii) Unequal distribution of water in major parts of our country makes most of the population face water scarcity. ... (iv) Seasonal rainfall pose a need for irrigation to crops."https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/ncert-exemplar-solution-for-cbse-class-10-science-chapter-management-of-natural-resources-part-iii-1497346320-1
      - Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage. According to Fresh Water Watch, water conservation is important because fresh clean water is a limited resource, as well as a costly one.
    - - Example of Maine protesting Poland Spring
    - - Oglala aquifer being drained
      - Colorado River overused
      - CA central Valley overuse
      - Watch movie: The Milagro Beanfield War
      - 80% of water use in US! according to the USDA
        
        Possible Aff Plans Conservation in Agriculture Sector (ideas mentioned towards the end of this 5 min video.
        
        Food waste reduction - 1/3 of all food wasted
        
        Promote vegetrian diet
        
        drip irrigation and other irrigation technieques
        
        Different crops
  - - - Example of Nitrate Pollution disproportionately targeting latinx community
    - - Quoting from "Watered Down Justice" report from the NRDC, "Our analysis revealed that race, ethnicity, and language had the strongest relationship to slow and inadequate enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act. That means that water systems that serve the communities that are the most marginalized are more likely to be in violation of the law—and to stay in violation for longer periods of time."
- - - - "Some 80 percent of the world's wastewater is dumped—largely untreated—back into the environment, polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans. This widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardizing our health. Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined."
      - 3.5 million people die each year due to unsafe drinking water around the world, according to The World Counts as compared to 13 in US. Caring more about the 13 than the 3.5 million is racist.
        
        Around the world, according to [UNICEF], "Every day, 6,000 children die of water-related diseases." 6,000. Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow. Next year, every day, 6000 more will die -- Unless we vote negative and take action.
      - At least half world's populatin endures ectreme water scarcity for at least 1 month out of the year. We can only use 1% of the water on earth, because 97% is salt water. A majority of awuifers in the world are at risk of being drained. See 5 min video.
      - solutions are available. See the charity water.org
      - The UN Declared that the Right to Water is a Human Right in 2003, but it's a right that is being violated on a mega-scale
    - - Comparison between water-related deaths to air-polluted related deaths in the U.S (what should we really be focusing on)?
        
        13 deaths per year in the US due to drinking water poisoning, according to the CDC but over 90,000 due to air pollution (see link to EcoWatch evidence in disads)
        
        Environmental racism means air pollution impacts people of color and low income communities more
        
        EPA report says this is racist, AND deadly
        
        Environmental Racism in the form of Air Pollution resulted in more deaths from COVID-19 in communities of color. See also this Guardian article.
      - Impending Climate Catastrophes is a larger environmental issue
      - (Copied from Kritik re nationalism:) 3.5 million people die each year due to unsafe drinking water around the world, according to The World Counts as compared to 13 in US. Caring more about the 13 than the 3.5 million is racist
    - - Word resources in the resolution promotes thinking of water as something to be exploited instead of nurtured as the source of all life. It's this patriarchal exploitation of nature mentality that is leading us towards man-made eco-doom.
  - - - Impact on companies?
      - impact on economy as a whole?
    - - Increase food prices, harming poorer people?
      - Threat to food supply?
  - - - or grandiose, as in transitioning from Capitalism to a Solidarity Economy inspired by Ostrom's ideas, as in the collection of articles by this Solidarity Economy online magazine.
      - An example of this kind of approach being tried in France.
      - An example of this kind of approach applied to Maine's lobstering industry.
      - either limited and practical, as in Elinor Ostrom's (Nobel Prize in Economics winning )practical work to save fisheries,