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Immune System By: Artemio Ornelas Per.2 - Coggle Diagram
Immune System By: Artemio Ornelas Per.2
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Returned cleaned fluids and leaked proteins back to blood
Drain excess fluid from tissue
protect your body from illness-causing invaders
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
Functions as the body's defense against infectious pathogens
Play an essential role in body defenses and resistance to diseases
keeps pathogens out and attacks those that do enter the body
It is made up of various organs, cells and proteins
The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, ducts, nodes, and other tissues
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that collect these fluids, or lymph
Lymphoid Organs:
Bone Marrow
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus
Mucous Membrane
ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
it is a comprised network of vessels that assist in the circulation of body fluids
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess fluid from interstital spaces and special vessels called lacteals transport fats to circulation system
The lymph nodes swell in response to infection, due to build of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
Innate(natural)immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired)immune defenses
The innate immune response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens*
The second line of defense against non-self pathogens is the adaptive immune response
Adaptive immunity is also referred to as acquired immunity or specific immunity
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) DEFENSE
respond rapidly
you are "born with it"
included species resistance , mechanical barriers , chemical barriers , natural killer cells , inflammation , phagocytosis, and fever
ADAPTIVE ( SPECIFIC DEFENSES)
Develop slowly
"body learns" this during its lifetime
Carried out by lymphocytes that recognize a specific infador
But they both work together to protect the body against infection
Mechanical Barriers
Body's 1st line defense
the rest innate defenses are part of the 2nd line of defense
FIRST LINE DEFENSE
Skin
Mucous membrane
secretions of skin and mucous membrane
SECOND LINE DEFENSE
leukocytes
inflammatory
Fever
Proteins
THIRD LINE DEFENSE
Antibodies
Lymphocytes
memory cells
HUMORAL RESPONSE
humoral immune response is mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells
it is also called antibody-mediated immunity
With assistance from helper T cells, B cells will differentiate into plasma B cells that can produce antibodies against a specific antigen
The humoral immune system deals with antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells.
Antibodies produced by the B cells will bind to antigens, neutralizing them, or causing destruction of cells by a lysin or phagocytosis.
CELLULAR RESPONSE
Cellular response occurs inside infected cells and is mediated by T lymphocytes
The pathogen's antigens are expressed on the cell surface or on an antigen-presenting cell.
Helper T cells release cytokines that help activated T cells bind to the infected cells’ MHC-antigen complex and differentiate the T cell into a cytotoxic T cell
The infected cell then undergoes lysis.
ANTIGENS
proteins , polysaccharides, glycoproteins , or glycolipids that can trigger an immune response
can be entire pathogen or a part of it
Basically , anything that can cause immune response
Antigens are generally larger and more complex molecules
Before birth , body makes an inventory of "self" proteins and larger molecules
ANTIBODIES
soluble protein secreted by plasma cells
carried by body fluids , capable of binding specificaly to antigens
There are five major types of antibodies
1gG , IgA , IgD, IgE
There are 5 actions of the antibodies
Complement fixation : occurs when complement proteins attach to antigen or foreign substance
Opsonization: some act as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytes
Neutralization: some work as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytes
Agglutination: some clump with other antibodies to form clots in blood , used for blood typing
Precipitation: antigen - antibody complex becomes so large it is insoluble and less likely to spread
CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T lymphocyte (T cells) : cause direct destruction of virus invaded cells and mutant cells , involved in cells and mutant cells
B lymphocyte (B cells) : secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign material . Involved in humoral or antibody - mediated immunity , and made and develops in bone marrow and thymus
Natural killer (NK) cells: They easily kill cells infected with viruses. They are said to be “natural killer” cells as they do not require the same process that T-cells require. They are important in defending against viruses and possibly preventing cancer as well.
Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes: They are the most numerous of all the types of white blood cells, making up about half or more of the total. They are found in the bloodstream and can migrate into sites of infection within a matter of minutes. These cells, like the other cells in the immune system, develop from stem cells in the bone marrow
Monocytes: They are found circulating in the bloodstream. They also line the walls of blood vessels in organs like the liver and spleen. When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they change shape and size and become macrophages. Macrophages are essential for killing fungi and the class of bacteria .
Cytokines: These are a very important set of proteins in the body. These small proteins serve as hormones for the immune system. They are produced in response to a threat and represent the communication network for the immune system. Cells of the immune system communicate by directly touching each other,
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Allergic reactions: the immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks its own cells
The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein - happen combination
AIDS , HIV
HIV, which causes AIDS, is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system.
People with HIV/AIDS become seriously ill with infections that most people can fight off.
These infections are called “opportunistic infections” because they take advantage of weak immune systems
AUTOIMMUNITY
the immune system manufactures antibodies against some of its own antigens and cytotoxic T cells