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plant geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - grassland
      - dry to wet conditions on a north facing slop
    - - seaweed community
      - looking at splash zone plants then those seaweads found in the top, middle and bottom layers
  - - - Lepidodendron
      - Calamites
      - Stigmaria
      - Annularia
    - - Ginkgo huttonii
    - - modern hourse tail
      - Petrydophyte
        
        Asplenium scolopendrium
- - - - mainly perennial species
      - plant forms
  - - - cushion
      - rosett
      - matt forming
      - hairs for trapping heat
- - - - Fossil records
        
        form genus
        
        what they are/ description
        
        how they are used today to tell us about the past?
        
        when they first evolved
        
        modern assosiations
        
        the biome it evolved in
        
        what are form genus
        
        give examples
        
        Rhynie 400Ma) :!?:?:
        
        Lepidodendron?
        
        Araucaria?
        
        Paleozoic 570-248Ma
        
        Carboniferous (360-286Ma)
        
        first forests and rise of Petridophyts
        
        Calamites
        
        Form genus of the sphenopsid (horsetails)
        
        Lepiodendrons
        
        Lycopods, related to modern quillworts and allies (Isoetes) that live partially submerged as large microphylls and Heterosporous
        
        form genus is the stem with its diamond shaped leaf scars
        
        Lycopodiaceae
        
        ancestor of the club mosses
        
        first seeds
        
        Gymnosperms
        
        Pteridosperms (extinct seed-ferns but not ferns)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Silurian to Devonian 440-360Ma
        
        first terrestrial plants
        
        Stoneworts (charalean algae) 440Ma
        
        Embryophytes as earliest true land plants but hard to say what they would have bee
        
        Rhynie Cherts 396Ma (devonial)
        
        examples of nonvascular and vascular land plants preserved through high mineral content.
        
        start to see vascular systems with specialised tissues and segmentation/structuring of xylem nd phloem forming a standing stem.
        
        cladoxylopsids
        
        potential ancestor of ferns and horsetails
        
        Cenozoic
        
        Eocence 55-38Ma
        
        late Ordovician (c. 440Ma)
        
        oils formed from weathering, acid, bacterial and other biotic actions
        
        Mesozoic 248-65Ma:
        
        Triassic (238-213Ma
        
        Jurassic 213-144Ma
        
        Cretaceous 144 - 65Ma
        
        Start of Angiosperms divesification
        
        Basal angiosperms
        
        Monocots
        
        Eudicots
        
        origin could have been any one of the gymnosperms groups but most likely Gnetales
        
        Cenozoic 65Ma-present
        
        Eocence 55-38Ma
      - evolution of plant group examples
        
        think about biotic factors like pollination, coevolution, dispersal, life-cycle , competition and herbivory affect as selective pressures?
        
        eg Cycads
        
        Angiosperms
        
        other emaples from lectures
    - - Ecoregions (e.g. WWF ecoregions)
        
        :!: world wide distributions of said biomes
      - examples
        
        examples of plant families and genera
        
        Mediterranean
        
        Temperate forests
        
        artic-alpine?
        
        any examples of similarities
      - Biomes
        
        :!: key morphological and physiological adaptions and characteristics in species,
        
        biotic like predation and stand structure/competition for space
        
        abiotic like climatic, seasonal, temperature stress and waterloss , edaphic (soil), Solar radiation
        
        climate conditions
        
        world wide distribution
        
        typical environmental conditions
        
        geographical factors
        
        challanges plants face and adaptions
      - Challenges species face - environmental
        
        biotic factors (stand structure, predation etc.)
        
        abiotic
        
        seasonal variation
        
        climatte change
        
        Plate tectonics
        
        Global CO2 levels in relation to emergence of plants onto land #
    - - Biodiversity hotspots
        
        Rainforests?
        
        New Zealand
      - How humans effect global distributions
        
        Crops
        
        weeds species
        
        Native range
        
        introduced range
        
        time line( when it was introduced and by who)
        
        ecology that make it sucsessfull in new range
        
        think about how humans have influenced distributions
      - what factors produce biodiversity hotspots
        
        :!: speciation/natural selections.have examples
        
        Disjunction
        
        Vicariance : and Gondwana break up
        
        Peripatric speciation?
        
        The Founder Effect
        
        Reproductive isolation, with cant disperse what this called
        
        Endemism / role of isolation
        
        convergent evolution (give examples)
        
        dispersal barriors between islands
        
        wk4 islands
        
        proximity to equator/elevation?
        
        age of landscape?
      - why measure biodiversity
      - endemic species
        
        wk4 looking at Ascention island and St Helena and New Zealand
      - conservation efforts #
        
        wk4 island and endemic etc
        
        The Darwin Initiative
        The Darwin Initiative is a UK government grants scheme that helps to protect biodiversity and the natural environment through locally based projects worldwide