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Skin cancer, Cardiovascular disease - Coggle Diagram
Skin cancer
Sociocultural
Family
Genetics within the family can increase the probability of getting skin cancer
5% to 10% of all melanomas arise in multiple-case families
People with family history have increased risks of skin cancer
strongly affected by our genetic background
Peers
Men
Melanoma is the third most common cancer in Australian men, after prostate and colorectal cancer
891 males death 2020
Women
Melanoma is the third most common cancer in Australian women, after breast and colorectal cance
484 females death
Age
as age increases, the chance of melanoma also increases
The risk is higher in men than in women (70% vs. 58%
2018, the age-standardised mortality rate was 4.7 deaths per 100,000 persons (7.0 for males and 2.9 for females)
Australian adolescents have the highest rates of skin cancer world-wide
Culture
people with darker skin tones are less likely to get melanoma as the melanin within the skin is already high and therefore will be less likely to mutate (into cancer cells) due to the sun UV radiation
Aboriginal people fare better than non-Aboriginal people,
Lack of protective pigmentation leaves skin cells especially vulnerable to the DNA-damaging rays from the sun.
Media
Behavioural
The Australian desire for a golden tan increases the likelihood of individuals going out into the sun without adequate protection
Advertising in the media have helped Australians know sun exposure increases the risk of melanoma of the skin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Giv9lopemY
Slip, Slop, Slap campaign 1980s
increased awareness of melanoma and skin cancer
Religion
Statistics
1 in 62,000 persons in 2020 will die because of melanoma
melanoma mortality by age of 60: 1 in 1,600 in 2020
sunburn doubles the risk of melanoma
Melanoma is the most common cancer affecting 15 to 39-year-old Australians
2019, it is predicted that there will be 1,726 deaths from melanoma of the skin
Socioeconomic
Income
can restrict access to medical services such as dermatologists
some sunscreens can be more expensive than others because they are stronger and keep the skin safer
people with lower incomes are less likely to participate in preventative behaviours
Education
people with low education have lower health literacy levels
people of low education are more likely to get skin cancer because they are uneducated on the seriousness of it and the preventative measures
Educational interventions aim to change sun‐protective behaviour by informing people of the severity and consequences of skin cancer
lower level of education and lack of health insurance may impact individuals’ knowledge of the type of skin cancer with which they are diagnosed. As a result, these individuals may have a poor sense of the measures they need to take to reduce the risk of future skin cancers.
Employment
people who work outdoors have a higher chance of getting skin cancer due to the higher exposure to the sun and elements
construction workers, landscapers, farming
Farmers have a 60 per cent higher death rate due to melanoma and other malignant skin cancers than the general population.
200 melanomas and 34,000 other skin cancer types per year are caused by occupational exposures in Australia
Other skin cancers
basal cell carcinoma (bats cook cheese)
Squamous cell carcinoma (see cows cry)
Basal and squamous cell carcinoma skin cancers accounted for one quarter of all cancer-related hospitalisations in 2014–15
Environmental
Geographical location
People who do not live near metropolitan areas have an increased risk of getting skin cancer and having it not treated
people who live on or near the coast are more likely to be at risk of getting skjin cancer due to their behaviours of going to the beach etc
people in rural areas have an increased chance of getting skin cancer and additonally are more likely to die of skin cancer due to the lack of facilities available to them
A major factor is geography – that is proximity to the equator (the line on the globe that gets the greatest amount of sun). Generally speaking, the closer to the equator someone lives, the greater the amount and intensity of sun exposure they receive.
Access to services and technology
less access to facilities
chemotherapy
dermatologists
doctors
hospitals
treatment
people in remote and rural australia have the least access and therefore will experience the highest diagnosed rates and mortality rates when compared to other environmental sectors
Melanoma
cause of melanoma is overexposure to UV radiation from the sun or things such as solarium tanning machines
risk factors that increase the chances of melanoma, including people with fair skin, a high mole count, family history and a pattern of sunburns throughout life
Cardiovascular disease
Sociocultural
Culture
5.2% (42,700) ATSI people had heart/stroke/vascular disease
prevalence of heart, stroke and vascular disease was higher among ATSI men then females
Indigenous australians more likely to report issues than non-indigenous australians
people who are exposed to more behaviours contributing to CVD such as inadequate dietry requirements and smoking increase the risk of CVD
cultures with higher
Media
Media influenced behaviours such as cigarette smoking, excess alcohol, physical inactivity, poor diet/nutrition, can cause high blood cholesterol, obesity, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and psychosocial stress
Cigarette tax to increase the prices of smokes to reduce the amount of people buying them
Peers
Men
prevalence of heart/stroke/vascular disease = 6.5%
coronary heart diease 2x higher among men (3.8%)
strokes are higher in males 1.6%
Women
prevalence of heart/stroke/vascular disease = 4.8%
coronary heart disease in women 1.9%
prevalence stroke 1.1%
Age
risks increased with age, 26% people aged 75+
coronary heart disease increased rapidly with age, 12x high ppl aged 75+
strokes more common in older aged groups, 65+
Religion
Family
people with a family history of cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of getting it
genes with an increased prevalence to CVD are passed down throughout generations
Coronary artery disease leading to heart attack, stroke, and heart failure can run in families, indicating inherited genetic risk factors.
usually encompasses first degree relatives
Socioeconomic
Employment
occupations that required less physical activity showed that individuals had a higher risk of health issues relating to CVD
occupations that have high chemical exposures to carbon monoxide and things have an increased chance of obtaining health issues related to CVD
Education
people with lower education levels have an increased risk of CVD related issues as they have not been exposed to preventative eduxation
Income
people with lower incomes have increased risks of CVD because treatments outside of private health servces can be expensive
families with low incomes who have older members that need care cannot provide adequate care
those living in the lowest socioeconomic areas had the highest rates of CVD or related stuff
Environmental
Geographical location
CVD hospitalisation rates 30% higher among ppl living in remote and very remote areas as those in major cities
the further an individual lives from a metropolitan centre, greater the risk of hospitalisation and death from cardiovascular disease
Access to services and technology
mortality decreases with access to medical technologies (blood-thinning medicines, medication, cardiac rehabilitation, bypass surgeries) but morbidity increases
preventative measures related to environment
availability of green space
good walking/cycle paths to be physically active; access
to good quality affordable food for healthy eating; and access
to public transport to connect people to quality health
services, community networks and supports
Statistics
More than 1 in 4 deaths 2018 related to CVD
5.6% AUS adults had 1+ conditions related to heart/vascular disease
1.2million+ hospitalisations for CVD in 2017/2018
Note: CVD encompasses strokes, heart disease and vascular disease
describes alll the conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels
What is a stroke?
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. A stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial.
Heart disease
Diseases under the heart disease umbrella include blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects you're born with (congenital heart defects),