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(SPANISH CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY, CARLOS V, FELIPE II) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - characterised by ornate facades and was similar to the work that silversmiths produced
        
        San Marcos Hospital in León
        
        Santo Domingo Cathedral
        
        the facade of Salamanca University
    - - This style faithfully reproduced the architectural characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
        
        The Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra in Granada by Pedro Machuca.
        
        Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloé.
        
        Jaén Cathedral and El Salvador Church in Úbeda, both by Andrés de Vandelvira.
        
        The facade of the Alcázar and the Bisagra Gate, both in Toledo, by Alonso de Covarrubias.
  - - - those by the Italians Leoni Leoni and his son Pompeo Leoni
      - Other important works
        
        Carlos V's and Felipe II's cenotaphs
        
        the bronze sculptures on the altarpiece of the Basilica of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
        
        the sculpture of Carlos V and the Wrath
    - - the faces of the sculptures became more expressive
      - They tried to evoke intense feelings to reflect the dramatic situations in some of the passages of the Bible
      - main works were of religious imagery and were painted wooden carvings and altarpieces
    - - Alonso Berruguete
        
        The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
      - Juan de Juni
        
        The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish
  - - - strove for harmony and serenity
      - was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting
      - mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed
    - - dominated in the second half of the century
      - The works were expressive and had a dramatic quality
        
        This was because the Counter-Reformation
        
        wished to evoke intense feelings in its followers
        
        strengthen their religious beliefs
  - - - those by Juan de Juanes
        
        Ecce Homo and The Last Supper
    - - the main portrait artist from the Venetian school
      - was Carlos V's court painter
        
        he painted Carlos V at the Battle of Mülberg and Isabella of Portugal
    - - the use of elongated figures with dramatic expressions on their faces
      - Examples are the works by Luis de Morales
        
        Madonna and Child and Piety
    - - the most important artist
        
        El Greco
        
        a Greek artist who worked in Toledo
        
        His works are characterised by
        
        the drama and spirituality reflected on the faces of his subjects
        
        the use of elongated figures
        
        cool colours
        
        dark tones
  - - - they wrote about their spiritual experiences
      - Saint Teresa of Jesus and Saint John of the Cross
    - - The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea
        
        attributed to Fernando de Rojas
- - - - This is where he lived until he went to Castilla in 1517
        
        so he did not speak Spanish
      - the Castilian nobility viewed the monarch as a foreigner
    - - Carlos used the taxes collected to finance his appointment as Holy Roman Emperor
        
        provoked the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1520
        
        the lower nobility and bourgeoisie rose up against the government
    - - defeated the "comuneros" at the Battle of Villalar
      - the bourgeoisie and peasants rose up against the nobility in Valencia and Mallorca
        
        known as the Revolt of the Brotherhoods
    - - groups of humble citizens who had been allowed to arm themselves to defend their coastal cities against pirate attacks
      - they organised an armed revolt to improve their economic conditions and attain political rights
        
        The king supported the nobility and the uprising was suppressed
        
        As a result
        
        the monarchy became more powerful
  - - - The sultan Suleiman the Magnificent began to expand his empire
        
        In 1529 he attacked Vienna but the city resisted
        
        The Ottoman Empire had converted the Berber states in northern Africa into vassals
      - The Emperor's troops conquered Tunisia but failed to take Algiers
      - The Christian fleet was also defeated and the Ottomans maintained control of the Mediterranean Sea
    - - The Emperor fought the Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War and defeated them in Mülberg
      - The hostilities resumed in 1552 and Carlos V signed the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
    - - This kingdom was surrounded by Carlos V's territories
      - In the first one
        
        Carlos conquered the Duchy of Milan
        
        the French king was defeated at the Battle of Pavia
      - In the following wars
        
        Francis I made alliances to weaken the power of the Emperor
        
        with the Pope, the Italian states, the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant princes
- - - - Its outgoings were higher than the income it received and Felipe II had to declare the Crown bankrupt
      - He also had to declare economic insolvency on two other occasions
      - the discovery of new silver and gold mines in the Americas and the increase in taxes
        
        enabled him to continue funding the military
    - - but they maintained their own institutions and specific laws
        
        when one of the king's secretaries, Antonio Pérez, was accused of an assassination in Castilla
        
        he was able to take refuge in Aragón
        
        The king used the Inquisition to capture him
        
        but an uprising in defence of the fueros enabled Pérez to flee to France
    - - the Moriscos in Granada to revolt in 1568
        
        known as the War of the Alpujarras
        
        was finally suppressed the army led by John of Austria in 1570
  - - - Felipe II also inherited this kingdom, together with the Portuguese territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia
        
        His army defeated the Portuguese nobles
        
        because they opposed these territories being taken by the Spanish Monarchy
    - - He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand
      - his son Felipe II was given the rest of his territorial patrimony
        
        Castilla and his territories in the Americas.
        
        The Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories.
        
        The Low Countries and Franche-Comté