Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II, image, image, image, image,…
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
FELIPE II
A GLOBAL EMPIRE
Carlos V divided up the territories he inherited due to the difficulties he experienced in controlling them
He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand, and his son Felipe II was given the rest of his territorial patrimony:
The Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories.
The Low Countries and Franche-Comté.
Castilla and his territories in the Americas.
In 1580, the king of Portugal died
Felipe II also inherited this kingdom, together with the Portuguese territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia.
His army, led by the Duke of Alba, defeated the Portuguese nobles who opposed these territories being taken by the Spanish Monarchy.
In order to govern his empire, Felipe II increased bureaucracy by founding the Council of Portugal and granting more power to the types of ministers that acted as intermediaries between the King and the councils
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS
All the kingdoms on the Peninsula were ruled by the same sovereign, although they maintained their own institutions and specific laws(FUEROS)
Therefore, when one of the king's secretaries, Antonio Pérez, was accused of an assassination in Castilla he was able to take refuge in Aragón, exercising his rights under the laws of this kingdom.
Carlos V had left the Crown in financial ruin.
Its outgoings were higher than the income it received and Felipe II had to declare the Crown bankrupt (suspend its payments) in the year he began his reign
The policy of imposing Catholicism and discriminating against the religious minorities caused the Moriscos in Granada to revolt in 1568
The Spanish Monarchy's domination of Europe led to the black legend, which was fomented by its powerful enemies (England, France and the north of the Low Countries)
They aimed to discredit the Spanish Monarchy and Felipe II in particular.
In Europe, the belief spread that Spain was fanatical and ignorant. The Catholic Church was given as the main cause of its cultural backwardness.
SPANISH CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Spanish culture was greatly influenced by the Counter-Reformation. To prevent Protestant beliefs from spreading across the Iberian Peninsula, Felipe II impeded access to its doctrines in the following ways:
Spaniards were not allowed to study in other countries.
Books printed outside the Peninsula were not allowed into the country.
Literature
The most famous religious authors were mystics who wrote about their spiritual experiences, such as Saint Teresa of Jesus and Saint John of the Cross.
Garcilaso de la Vega was the most important poet
Art
The church and the monarchy used art to spread their ideas and values.
The most important works of art were depictions of religious themes and portraits. In the Spanish Renaissance there were two styles:
Mannerist
which dominated in the second half of the century.
The works were expressive and had a dramatic quality.
Classicist
Strove for harmony and serenity and was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting, although mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed.
Architecture
In the first third of the century,
The Plateresque style dominated
In the second third of the century
buildings were constructed in a Classicist or Purist style.
Examples
The Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra in Granada by Pedro Machuca.
Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloé.
Jaén Cathedral and El Salvador Church in Úbeda, both by Andrés de Vandelvira.
The facade of the Alcázar and the Bisagra Gate, both in Toledo, by Alonso de Covarrubias.
Sculpture
The most important sculptures in the Classicist style are those by the Italians Leoni Leoni and his son Pompeo Leoni.
Other important works are Carlos V's and Felipe II's cenotaphs, the bronze sculptures on the altarpiece of the Basilica of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial and the sculpture of Carlos V
The main works done in this style were of religious imagery and were painted wooden carvings and altarpieces (sculptures or paintings which decorated the altar). The main artists were:
Alonso Berruguete, who produced works such as The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.
Juan de Juni, who produced works such as The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish.
Painting
The most important Spanish Renaissance paintings are those by Juan de Juanes, such as Ecce Homo and The Last Supper.
The Italian Titian, the main portrait artist from the Venetian school, was Carlos V's court painter, producing works such as Carlos V at the Battle of Mülberg and Isabella of Portugal
From the middle of the century onwards, the influence of Michael Angelo and Mannerism was reflected in the use of elongated figures with dramatic expressions on their faces
In the last third of the century, the most important artist was El Greco, a Greek artist who worked in Toledo.
