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EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II, image, image, image, image,…
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
FELIPE II
A GOLBAL EMPIRE
Carlos V divided up the territories he inherited
To his brother Ferdinand
Austria and the Imperial Crown
To his son Felipe II gave
Castilla and his territories in the Americas.
The Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories.
The Low Countries and Franche-Comté.
In 1580, the king of Portugal died
Felipe II iheritated this kigdom, with the Portuguese territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia
Army led by Duke of Alba
Felipe II increased bureaucracy by founding the Council of Portugal and granting more power to the secretaries,
In 1561 he made Madrid the capital of his kingdom.
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS
All the kingdoms on the Peninsula were ruled by the same sovereign
Carlos V left the Crown in financial ruin
Felipe II had to declare the Crown bankrupt in the year he began his reign.
The discovery of new silver and gold mines in the Americas and the increase in taxes enabled him to continue funding the military.
The policy of imposing Catholicism and discriminating against the religious minorities caused the Moriscos in Granada to revolt in 1568.
Was know as the War of Alpujarras
SPANISH CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Spanish cultura was influenced by the Counter-Reformation
Felipe II doctrines
Spaniards were not allowed to study in other countries.
Books printed outside the Peninsula were not allowed into the country.
Literature
Most famous autors
Wrote about their spiritual experiences
Saint Teresa of Jesus and Saint John of the Cross
NOVELS
Contained realistic portrayals of daily life, such as The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea
Wrote by Fernando de Rojas and an anonymous person.
Most famous poet
Garcilaso de la Vega
Art
The church and the monarchy used art to spread their ideas and values.
Most important art
Religious themes and portraits
2 styles
Classicist
Strove for harmony and serenity and was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting
Mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed.
Mannerist
Dominated in the second half of the century
Works were expressive and had a dramatic quality.
Architecture
In the first third of the century, the Plateresque style dominated
Characterised by ornate, facades and similar to the work that silversmiths produced at that time.
Salamanca University, San Marcos Hospital in León and Santo Domingo Cathedral
In the second third of the century, Classicist or Purist style dominated
Faithfully reproduced the architectural characteristics of the Italian Renaissance.
Decoration was reduced and classical elements were more seen such as columns and pediments.
Examples
The Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra in Granada by Pedro Machuca.
Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloé.
Jaén Cathedral and El Salvador Church in Úbeda, both by Andrés de Vandelvira.
The facade of the Alcázar and the Bisagra Gate, both in Toledo, by Alonso de Covarrubias.
Sculpture
Most important sculptures
Italians Leoni Leoni and his son Pompeo Leoni
Carlos V's and Felipe II's cenotaphs
The bronze sculptures on the altarpiece of the Basilica of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
The sculpture of Carlos V and the Wrath
Faces of the sculptures became more expressive.
The main artists were
Alonso Berruguete, who produced works such as The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.
Juan de Juni, who produced works such as The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish.
Painting
Most important Spanish Renaissance paintings
Juan de Juanes, for example Ecce Homo and The Last Supper.
Main portrait artist
Carlos V's
Alonso Sánchez Coello and Juan Pantoja de Cruz were Felipe II's portrait painters.
The middle of the century
Dramatic expressions on their faces
Madonna and Child and Piety
last third of the century
Most important artist
El Greco, a Greek artist.
Characterised by the drama and spirituality reflected on the faces
Use of elongated figures, cool colours and dark tones.
WORK
The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, The Disrobing of Christ and The Holy Trinity
