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Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II, image, image, image, image,…
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
THE SPANISH HABSBURG DYNASTY
THE RELIGIOUS WARS
In the 16th century, the Spanish Monarchy became the most powerful in Europe. Carlos V, or Carlos I of Spain, reigned from 1516 to 1556.
They attempted to exert absolute political authority over Europe and pursued similar political objectives:
To retain their territorial patrimony through numerous wars against other kingdoms
To defend Catholicism, they took measures to preserve religious unity both in their territories and the whole of Europe.
Their domestic policy continued to be discriminatory
Outside Spain, they waged religiously motivated wars against the Protestant states.
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16TH CENTURY
The economy prospered due to the riches obtained from the Americas, especially silver and gold.
The port of Sevilla monopolised trade with the colonies through the Casa de Contratación.
To protect the ships from pirate attacks, Felipe II organised a fleet system so the voyages between the Americas and Sevilla could be made in groups escorted by warships.
The arrival of precious metals on the Peninsula affected the Spanish Monarchy in the following ways:
It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars they were involved in throughout Europe
The arrival of metals enriched the nobility. They used the silver and gold to buy luxury products, but did not invest in production
the majority of the population became poorer.
The craft industry began to grow due to an increase in demand from the American territories
The monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects. However, when these resources ran out they resorted to increasing taxes
The economy continued to be based on agriculture. This meant that the majority of the population became extremely vulnerable when harvests were bad.
This fall in production also affected trade, as fewer raw materials were bought and sold and the number of products manufactured decreased.
CARLOS V
Carlos I, Juana’s eldest son, inherited a vast patrimony. This was ruled by his grandfather Ferdinand ‘the Catholic’ and Cardinal Cisneros until his arrival in Spain.
THE BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN
Carlos was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. This is where he lived until he went to Castilla in 1517, so he did not speak Spanish
This upset the Castilian nobility, who viewed the monarch as a foreigner.
Castilla was experiencing an economic crisis and Carlos used the taxes collected to finance his appointment as Holy Roman Emperor.
provoked the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1520, in which the lower nobility and bourgeoisie in some cities rose up against the government.
The king's representatives and the high nobility who supported him defeated the comuneros' at the Battle of Villalar (1521)
At the same time, the bourgeoisie and peasants rose up against the nobility in Valencia and Mallorca (part of the Crown of Aragón). This is known as the Revolt of the Brotherhoods (1519-1523).
The agermanados
Were groups of humble citizens who had been allowed to arm themselves to defend their coastal cities against pirate attacks
THE WARS OF CARLOS V
Against France.
The king of France, Francis I, waged several wars against the Emperor.
In the first one, the French king was defeated at the Battle of Pavia (1525) and Carlos conquered the Duchy of Milan
Francis I made alliances (with the Pope, the Italian states, the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant princes) to weaken the power of the Emperor.
Against the German Protestant princes
he Emperor fought the Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) and defeated them in Mülberg.
The hostilities resumed in 1552 and Carlos V signed the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
Against the Ottoman Empire.
The sultan Suleiman the Magnificent began to expand his empire.
in 1529 he attacked Vienna but the city resisted. The Ottoman Empire had converted the Berber states in northern Africa into vassals
The Turk Barbarossa controlled the Western Mediterranean from Algiers.
The Emperor's troops conquered Tunisia (1535) but failed to take Algiers (1541)
