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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION - Coggle Diagram
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and he received the protection of the German nobles. They saw an opportunity to increase their possessions and their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Civil war
The Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
The Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League
The Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
Finally, the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, under which the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
This agreement did not result in religious peace in Europe
France
In France, the wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
There were very bloody episodes, such as the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572...
Low Countries
The Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War
This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
British Isles
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place
These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland, which ended with the Anglicans gaining power
The counter reformation
Was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
The Council of Trent
Was held between 1545 and 1563, established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
Bishops were more strictly controlled, the sale of indulgences was prohibited
Religious orders were reformed
The Society of Jesus (founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, who vowed obedience to the Pope)
The repression of Protestantism
The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith, was published
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
This included
The Pope
Venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
Seven sacraments
The need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
Good deeds