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URINALYSIS, Most sensitive for albumin - Coggle Diagram

- - - - if the pH value is 5.5 - 6.5 (acidic)
        
        due to high proteins in diet
        
        act as indicator to check if someone have respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
      - If the pH value is basic
        
        presence of bacteria that lead to Urinary Tract Disease
  - - - 1) Hyperglycaemia
      - 2) Proximal tubule dysfunction
  - - - specifically type 1 diabetes
      - ketones usually does not be produced in urine, it is an alternate energy source.
      - Type 1 diabetics does not produce insulin, so there are no glucose to utilized energy, so ketones will take place instead of glucose (good indicators).
      - Type 2 diabetics do produce insulin, so glucose will undergo glycolytic process, so ketone production is minimal.
      - When there are low consume of carbohydrates in the diet, the ketone will increase as there are no glucose to utilized energy.
      - Possibilities
        
        UTI secondary to urease producing organism
        
        Distal RTA
  - - - 1) Hematuria
      - 2) Rhabdomyolysis
      - 3) Contamination with semen
  - - - 2) Overflow proteinuria
      - 3) "Post-renal" proteinuria
      - 1) Glomerular disease
    - - Short-term
        
        caused by - heart failure, exercise, fever and stress
      - Long-term
        
        caused by - nephropathy which caused by glomerulonephritis
  - - - myoglobin
        
        carry oxygen to the muscle
      - erythrocytes
        
        RBC that carry haemoglobin, it cannot be filtered
        
        presence - indicates damage of cell membrane or infection/ damage of in-tubule or lower bladder such as ureters and urethra
      - hemoglobin
        
        carry oxygen in the body
      - myoglobin and hemoglobin have low present in urine
        
        if overproduction
        
        because excessive exercise
        
        infection
        
        crush muscle as it will release hemoglobin