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Type of muscle actions and connection to sport - Coggle Diagram
Type of muscle actions and connection to sport
Isometric
No variation in joint angle
Used during rehabilitation to improve strength at pain free joint ranges.
Bigger loads compared to concentric ( Cronin 2019)
Symptoms of pain ,have an analgesic effect due to alteration of cortical channels of inhibition-excitation( Cronin 2019)
70% CVM 5 sets of 45seconds, knee at 60% using Biodex Pro (Rio 2015)
Used in patellar tendinopathy
Unilateral, bilateral , 5 sets 30seconds 5days/wk (Cook 2017)
Enhanced muscle volume, max voluntary quadriceps contraction, muscle stiffness and speed of strength production and decrease in electromechanical delay. (Kubo 2001), 70% CVM 20secs*4 4times weekly .
Isometric and transfer to game needs to be biomechanically studied and applied.
Isometrics in elongated positions have more transfer to sports actions such as jumping, CMJ, running, when compared to working at contracted positions
(Oranchuk 2019)
Eccentric
Used in injury prevention and rehabilitation along with performance. Neuromuscluar control / coordination
Energy efficiency
Can develop muscles used in braking
Cause potential ischemia and lead to increases acidity of the environment due to increase in muscular tension in passive tissues, causing reduction of function of muscle and through sympathetic nervous system causes hypertrophy. Fella 2015
CNS triggers special activation strategy for eccentric. Enoka (2016), high level of cortical activity to provide feedback.
Greater chances of injury so longer preactiviation. (Yue 2004)
Greater difficulty
High intensity, eccentric tensions, performing unusual exercises. Falla 2015,
-Temporary loss of strength , pain and muscle inflammation.(TOUS 2010), increase threshold for injury gradually.
In sports , exercise should be variable, intensity and uncertainty
Concentric
Muscle shortening due to actin and myosin,
Muscle ability to generate force is maximum at resting length but the tension will depend on the elastic and neuronal properties of the neuromuscular system.
concentric actions greatest metabolic output, lactate production, greater fatigue Kraemer 2015.
Concentric action means greater recruitment of motor units than eccentric for same load, therefore lesser efficiency.
Concentric training effective in concentric sports actions and eccentric training for eccentric sport actions.
Most important form of training for sports is SSC training.
Eccentric superior to concentric in developing strength , hypertrophy and metabolic efficiency.
Stretch shortening cycle (SSC)
Small stretches cause rapid oscillations in length by the muscle during breaking, demand for joint stabilisation increases
Variations in length during deceleration will trigger SSC reflex.
Preactivation, short fast eccentric, immediate transition from stretch to concentric
In sports not normal movements, high stability and speed,
Hamstring muscle when they transit from knee eccentric deceleration to hip extension concentric very vulnerable. (Woods 2014)
Tonic and Phasic Muscles
Tonic
Tonic muscle/anti gravity help in posture, type 1 fiber and high resistance to fatigue. (Costill 2007)
Undergo shortening and losses elastic capability
Apply global stretching
Fatigue inhibits functioning of the tonic muscle.
Total amplitude , external amplitude and eccentric
Phasic
Express through movement ,extremities alpha motor neurone,Type 2
Neuromuscular spindle , muscle fibres connected to dynamic gamma motor neurons.
High glycolytic activity and low mitochondrial density.(Costill 2007)
Become flaccid without training.
medial amplitude and internal amplitude and concentric tensions (Porta 1998)
Mono articular and biarticular muscles
NS choses biarticular muscel over mono articular muscle for high speed actions for efficiency,
Proximal limb muscle stronger than the distal joint muscle.
In sports comparing becomes difficult on how the switch between mono and biarticular muscle take place, placing focus on mainly injury prevention.