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hardware and software (1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1.fetch
        
        "picking up information or thing"
        
        PC store address of memory location of the instruction which has to be fetch and store instruction data form MDR into CIR
      - Decode
        
        : control unit use data in CIR to register what type of instruction to do then control control unit send control signal to control part of cpu
      - execute
        
        : process instruction follow data in CIR (execute) and then increase value of data in PC (in program Program counter)
    - - consist of ...
        
        PC: program counter
        
        MAR: memory address register
        
        MDR: memory data register
        
        CIR: current instruction register
        
        ALU: arithmetic log unit
        
        ACC: accumulator // temporary memory from ALU
      - busses
        
        DATA BUS (from MDR to Control Unit)
        
        CONTROL BUS (most of the PC except data and address bus)
        
        ADDRESS BUS (from MAR to Control Unit)
        
        def: transmission of information
        
        TIP: REALLY IMPORTANT FOR EXAM
  - - - OS
        
        OS interrupt and Buffer
        
        buffer : temporary memory in computer device
        
        how buffer works and interupt
        
        interrupt: is signal send to processor emitted by hardware for interrupt processor from running task
        
        function
        
        provide and manage user interface or ""human computer interface (HCI) "
        
        control input and output device
        
        for example, when the computer acknowledge when the user connect the computer with printer by appear "there is printer" on screen
        
        control multitasking, multiprogramming
        
        for instance , playing music while doing (computer revision) note on the same laptop .
        
        control batch processing (schedule)
        
        e.g. can control the time fo when will the computer will operate
        
        loading and running software
        
        manage file system e.g. copy, save and delete
        
        manage user account
        
        manage computer memory e.g. ram
        
        handle "real time " processing interupt
        
        e.g. show notification when there is error
        
        manage security e.g. password , biometric
        
        Def: operating system : is essential computer software running in the background for manage and control
      - software
      - physical component e.g. PC
- - - - example
        
        keyboard
        
        MOST GENERAL
        
        keypad/ numbed
        
        only number
        
        use in ATM/ non-smart Phone
        
        barcode
        
        faster for input set of information and less error
        
        QR code
        
        faster for input set of information and less error
        
        card reader
        
        faster for input set of information and less error
    - - example
        
        mouse
        
        MOST GENERAL
        
        :cry:= takes a lot of spce
        
        trackpad
        
        :smiley: smaller space then mouse
        
        tracball
        
        act like mouse with ball instead of movement
        
        :smiley: better for. amputee as it is more stable
        
        :smiley: take smaller space
        
        interactive board
        
        like the one in school
        
        :smiley:easy to use
        
        touch screen
        
        3 types
        
        capacitive
        
        smart phone
        
        human can conduct electricity
        
        layer of "capacitor' of positive charge and negative charge
        
        answer "is layer of capacitor which capacitance will human touch infant of screen
        
        capacitance: ability to detect change when human toch // sensitivity
        
        resistive
        
        use PEN to interact
        
        make the display bend to complete the circuit
        
        the computer will know the location of pressure occurred
        
        infared
    - - camera
        
        picture
        
        work : capture information of light
        
        :cry: high resolution video require high internet
      - webcam
        
        :cry:low resolution
        
        :smiley: small amount of internet is require
      - microphone
        
        capture information of sound
      - scanner
        
        picture and document
    - - to explain how it work:
        
        capture information of ...
    - - light sensor
      - infared/ movement sensore
      - pressure sensor
      - pH sensor
  - - - monitor (LCD/LED)
        
        work (LCD)
        
        white light at the back ground
        
        3 colours (green ,red and blue) produce different colour by hexadecimal
      - Projector
    - - inkjet printer
        
        :smiley: can be print in colour , good for photo graph image
        
        :smiley: cheap
        
        :cry: slow
      - laser printer
        
        :cry: can only print black and white (cheap)
        
        :smiley:fast and can print mass of information
        
        :cry:expensive to print colour
    - - 3D - printer
      - 2D and 3D cutter
    - - speaker
      - buzzer (alarm)
    - - motor
      - water pump
      - etc.
- - - - example
        
        virtual memory
        
        e.g. mechanical hard drives
        
        higher storage than Solid state memory :smiley:
        
        lower speed :cry:
        
        ROM
      - solid state memory
        
        e,g, SSD, Flashi drive
        
        very fast compare to other secondary memory :smiley:
      - non volatile
      - Flash memory
        
        e.g.
        
        thumb drive
        
        SD card
        
        :smiley:
        
        Easy to portable
        
        durable
        
        rewritable (can be rewrite)
      - Hard Disk Drive (HDD) vs Solid State Drive (SSD)
        
        HDD
        
        uses magnetic media to stored data
        
        Moving part :cry: = easy to damaged
        
        :smiley:
        
        cheaper capacity per byte
        
        SSD
        
        use electric properties of solid state in NAND flash circuit to store data
        
        :smiley:
        
        no moving part :smiley: = hard to damaged
        
        faster
        
        more durable
      - Optical Drive vs Thumb Drive
        
        Optical Drive
        
        Example : CD (630 MB) , DVD (4.7 GB) , blue ray(40GB)
        
        :cry:
        
        Stored less
        
        can't be chnage
        
        fragile (risk of loosing memory)
        
        Often use in gaming e.g. PS4
        
        e.g.
        
        CD ROM
        
        DVD ROM
        
        blu ray disk
        
        :cry: require drive to read data)
        
        Thumb drive
        
        :smiley:
        
        Thumb drive can stored alot more
        
        can be changed
        
        ONLY USB
        
        Accepted in world wide
        
        can be inserted in one way
        
        have to type
        
        type A
        
        Type C
      - TIP: SSD has more storage than Flash Memory
    - - primary memory consist of 2 memory which is RAM and ROM
      - ROM
        
        Read Only Memory
        
        Use to store Basic Input/Output System ware (BIOS)
        
        use to boost up computer
        
        non-volatile
      - RAM
        
        Random Access Memory
        
        "data can be access anywhere "
        
        DRAM and SRAM
        
        DRAM
        
        Dynamic RAM
        
        less expensive :smiley:
        
        higher capacity :smiley:
        
        more energy sufficient :smiley:
        
        slower data access and transfer :smiley:
        
        need to be refresh :smiley:
        
        SRAM
        
        more expensive :cry:
        
        has lower capacity :cry:
        
        use more energy to operate :cry:
        
        higher speed for (data transfer and data access) :smiley:
        
        TIP: remember only one set either DRAM or SRAM and make it opposite!