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History/Theories of Management - Coggle Diagram
History/Theories of Management
2-1 Origins of MGMT
Management practices are only 125 years old
MGMT practices date back to 5000 BCE
Managers were needed when businesses shifted from small family size operations to factories with mass production
Managers were needed to be in charge of all order, structure, staff motivation and to give directions/tasks to a large number of people
2-2 History of Scientific MGMT
Scientific MGMT is studying and testing different work methods to find the best / most efficient process to do tasks
4 Scientific MGMT principals by Fredrick W Taylor:
1) Study each element of work to determine the best way to do so
2) Scientifically select, train, teach and develop workers to reach their individual potentials
3) Connect with employees to make sure the scientific principals are being followed
4) Divide the work and the responsibility equally between MGMT & employees
Taylor believed that incentives were one of the best ways to align MGMT & employees
Frank & Lillian Gilbreth used motion picture films and Microchronometers to conduct studies. These studies would improve production and eliminate repeating motions.
Merriam-Webster defines Microchronometers as an instrument for measuring very small intervals of time.
Henry Gnatt invented the Gnatt Chart
A Gnatt chart graphically indicates when a series of tasks must be completed in order to finish a job or project
Gnatt developed ideas regarding worker training- Specifically that workers should be trained & the managers should be rewarded for training them
2-3 History of Bureaucratic & administrative management
Max Webber stated that Bureaucracy would accomplish organizational goals more efficiently than monarchies or patriarchies
Bureaucracies are characterized by 7 elements:
1) Qualification Based Hiring
2) Merit-based Promotion
3) Chain of Command
4) Division of Labor
5) Impartial application of rules & procedures
6) Recording rules, procedures & decisions - IN WRITING
7) Separating owners from managers
Bureaucracies are highly inefficient and resistant to change
Henry Fayol, with more than 20 years on CEO experience, developed 5 MGMT functions & 14 principals of MGMT
5 MGMT Functions
1) planning
2) Organizing
3) Coordinating
4) Commanding
5) Controlling
14 Principals of MGMT
1) Division of Work
2) Authority & Responsibility
3) Discipline
4) Unity of Command
5) Unity of Direction
6) Subordination of individual interests and general interests
1 more item...
2-4 History of Human Relations Management
Mary Parker thought that conflict should be embraced not avoided
Mary stated the 3 ways of dealing with conflict are:
1) Domination 2) Compromise 3) Integration
Ethan Mayo is best known for his role in the Hawthorne Studies at the Western Electric Company
The Hawthorne studies demonstrated the Workers' feelings and attitudes affect their work
That financial incentives aren't necessarily the most important motivator for workers
That group norms and behavior play a critical role in behavior at work
Chester Barnard Emphasized the critical importance of willing cooperation in the work place
Chester argued that people will be indifferent to managerial directions or orders if they are:
1) Understood
2) Consistent with the purpose of the company
3) Compatible with the people's personal interests
4) Can actually actually be carried out by those people
Acceptance (or cooperation) of managerial authority is not automatic
2-5 History of Operations, systems & contingency MGMT
Operations management uses a mathematical approach to increase things like:
Productivity, improve quality, manage/reduce costly inventories
Important historical events in operations management:
Graphical & computerized design of parts
Accidental discovery of just-in-time inventory systems
Manufacture of standardized, interchangeable parts