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HVII Foreign Policy - Coggle Diagram
HVII Foreign Policy
Italian Wars
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A coalition (including Ferdinand + Maximilian) formed against him called the Holy League/League of Venice created in 1495. England joined in 1496 as Henry wanted to counterbalance French power. He only joined after being exempt from financial and military obligations (weak or clever?).
King of France, Charles VIII had a claim to Naples in Italy (albeit weak) controlling this become his priority in 1490's, which is why he created Treaty of Etaples in 1492.
The League did eventually force Charles out of Italy, he died soon after having pushed France into enormous debt due to his campaigning.
Relations
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Ireland
Forced Earl of Kildare and other Anglo-Irish nobles to swear an oath of allegiance to English monarchy. Earl of Kildare (leader of Geraldines), Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477 held Yorkist sympathies and suspicions confirmed by support for Lambert Simnell, whom he crowned King of Ireland in 1486 and supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491. .
Henry decided that instead of relying on established Irish aristocracy (cheap but unreliable) attempted more costly approach of the rule of 'the pale' through an Englishman backed by armed forces. He also appointed Sir Edward Poynings deputy. Poynings initially successful through power + bribery. He got Irish parliament to pass 'Poynings law' in 1495. Irish law couldn't pass without English approval. .
This was too expensive and was made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and besieged town of Waterford. Poyning recalled and Kildare put back in charge in 1496 when Kildare and other Irish nobles swore loyalty to Henry VII
Burgundy
Margaret of Burgundy was widowed and sister to Richard III and Edward IV. Margaret of Burgundy was a strong supporter of Warbeck (gave him 2,000 mercenaries to aid his battle against English)
Relations improved after Warbeck leaves burgundy- agree to Magnus Intercursus in 1496. Henry loses popularity but gains strength due to without completely sacrificing the English economy.
Most of England's exports go through ports in the Netherlands (Antwerp, Bruges) which are under Burgundy's jurisdiction. Therefore establishing a trade embargo with Burgundy sacrifices the commercial success of London and east coast merchants making him unpopular.
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Scotland
July 1495 - James came of age and welcomed Perkin Warbeck with a Royal welcome, the hand of James cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon, in marriage, a pension and the following year military support for English invasion. Invasion was a fiasco, very few scot nobles supported or people in Northumberland - 1400 men and quickly retreated when English turned up.
In response, Henry raised a full scale army to attack Scotland (Cornish rebellion 'heaviest taxation of the century' by Historian Gunn). Cornish rebellion 1497 was huge blow for Henry and forced to divert troops. TREATY OF AYTON signed September 1497 - Relations continued to improve in 1502 The Treaty of Perpetual Peace
Yorkist Edward IV took Berwick and Dunbar = tension. Both cordial as James IV was a minor and his regent, the Earl of Angus was an Anglophile Scot (1485 to 1495).
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League of Cambrai
1508-1510, an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian I, Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon, supposedly against the Turks but actually to attack the Republic of Venice and divide its possessions among the allies.
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Breton Crisis
TREATY OF ETAPLES - 1942
It ended the Breton Crisis. French gave England an annual pension of 50k crowns and promised not to support Perkin Warbeck. French wanted land in Italy so signed treaty quick so troops could go.
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