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GROUP 4: Mark,Andriana,Natalie TOPIC 1:INTRODUCTION OF OPERATING…

- - - - Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various application and users
    - - People ,machines ,other computers
    - - Provides basic computing resources: CPU,memory,I/O devices
    - - Defines the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users.
  - - - Manages all resources(Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
    - - Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
  - - - Permit life operations
        
        Create
        
        Delete
        
        Edit
        
        Rename
        
        And more
      - Interface
      - Security
        
        password
        
        User accounts
      - Computer Operation
      - Manage
        
        Memory
        
        Processor time
      - Schedule programs
      - Resources Usage
      - Control
        
        Program Execution
        
        Input & output devices
  - - - OS that uses proprietary codes
      - Make copies then distribute or selling copies will cause legal actions be taken by owner of OS
      - Source code of this OS are kept as secret & third-party are not allow to see programming
      - OS:paid by company
      - CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Developed:1 person/company
        
        only final procuct is made available
        
        secret(secret code)
        
        Distributed directly to end eser or via vendors
        
        Have copyright/palented legally protected as intellectual property
      - Example of Closed source OS
        
        Microsoft windows
        
        Oracle Solaris
        
        OS X
    - - Operating system that allow its code to be copied,changed & even being distributed.
      - Open Source OS normally does not cost anything
      - no secret
      - Third_party allowed to see
      - Price:this type of OS are FREE
      - CHARACTERISTICS
        
        can be freely used
        
        can be freely share
        
        can be freely change
        
        made by many people
        
        can be share in modified form
        
        can be shared in modified form
      - EXAMPLE OF Open Soiurce OS
        
        Lnux
        
        FreeBSD & Open Solaris
        
        On mobile and tablet system
        
        Android(but it has proprietary and closed extensions
        
        Firefox OS(fully open source m.o.s but its less popular than the later
- - - - 1 Source Code
      - 1 program generated
      - No structure
    - - shared kernel space
      - The Monolithic kernel is a static single binary file (means only one file to run)
      - Highly efficient and good performance (because all services are implemented under the same adress space)
    - - Chaotic
      - Difficult to understand
      - No hidden information
    - - OS/360
      - Linux
      - VMS
  - - - Each layered communicate ONLY with those immediately above and below it
      - Lower-level layers provide services to higher-level layer using interfaces that hide their implemention
    - - MODULARITY,SIMPLICITY,FLEXIBILITY,SCALABILITY AND PORTABILITY
    - - More risk of breakdown
      - Data Overhead
      - Sluggish operation mode on application (operasi perlahan mod pada aplikasi)
    - - Windows XP,Linux,Windows 2000 implement some level of layering
  - - - Divide OS into several processes, each implements a single set of service
      - Aimed at migrating service of an OS from monolithic kernel into user level process
    - - I/O servers
      - memory server
      - Process server
    - - Developed to take out of the kernel as much
        functionality as possible, in order to :
        
        limit the executed in the privileged mode
        
        to allow easy modification and extension
      - Allow us to build a different number of OS using the same micro-kernel
- - - - parallel system
      - tightly coupled systems
      - Clustered System:A clustered system makes use of multiple CPU"s to complete a specific task and clustering is usually used to provide high-availability services;that is,services will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail
        
        Asymmetically
        
        Symmetrically
- - - - USER
- - - - comand line interfaces
      - Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
      - voice Actuated interfaces
      - Web Form interfaces
    - - 2.Graphical User Interface(GUI) :A graphical user interfaces item that allows people to interact with programs in more ways than typing such as computers
        
        windows
        
        Icons
        
        Men us
        
        pointing
        
        Graphics
        
        3.Voice Actuated Interfaces:controlling a machine by simply talking to it was science fuction only a short time ago
        
        continous speech systems,allowing for dictation
        
        speaker independace,so people can enter commands or words at a given workstation.
        
        4.web from interfaces:web form interfaces are onscreen forms displaying fields containing data items or parameters, that need to be communicated to the user
        
        e.g searching on a search engine
- - - - Most common APIs
        
        Win32 API for Windows
        
        Java API for the Java virtual machine (JVM)
    - - API are System Calls
      - System Calls were grouped into categories according to their use
        
        categorised system calls are called API
      - Application Programming Interface (API)
        
        An API clearly defines how to call functions and what the results are. API is specification, not implementation