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Chapter Eight: Enlightenment of Independence - Coggle Diagram
Chapter Eight:
Enlightenment of Independence
Chelsee Patterson
March 8th, 2021
Medical Perspectives
(1880) Frederick C. Rein:
First known hearing aid manufacturing company
Non-electric hearing aids:
ear trumpets, acoustic urns, speaking tubes
Acoustic throne for King Goa (John) of Portugal
(1855) United States 'earscoops'
(1920s) Hearing aids evolve from mechanical to electrical
Hearing aids hidden wearing harnesses / using brassieres
Men: insert into suit pocket / tie clasps
Women: barrettes / bouffant hairdo
Unisex: hats, scarves, glasses
(1961) Dr. William House perfumes first cochlear implant in America
(1984) 120,000 worldwide receives c. implants causing worry about disappearance of Deaf Culture
(2004) Cochlear recalled due to device failure from moisture / sudden sensation of pain
(2003) FDA issues 3 alerts about bacterial meningitis caused by positioned in implants
Visual / Tactile Learning
Waking up devices:
cat/dog, shaking bed/pillow
wind-up alarm clock, wired electric lamp
Olden days leave the door unlocked
Communication Access
Primarily sharing news through mail
Neighborhood knows families dirty laundry
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commission 70k-100k deaf-blind persons
(SSP) Support Service Providers: making transportation, available / human guide while walking, relay visual/environmental information
Service dogs: (hearing-ear dogs) recognize alarms, doorbells, knocks, telephones, sirens, smoke/carbon monoxide detector, crying babies, dropped objects
Borrowed Voices: family members, friends, colleagues, live interpreter, relay service operator, wireless text
Captions
(1949) Captioned Films for the Deaf
(1958) Eisenhower signed
Captioned Films into law
(1958) DCMP -
Described and Captioned Media Program
(1952) Malcolm Norwood = first deaf chief of
Captioned Films
"Supper Club" existed 20 yrs
Television
No live captioning
All captions synchronized with pictures before broadcasting
(1982) CC 142 public television station
National Bureau of Standards Line-21 technology able to view C with TV equipped decoders
(1979) establishment of National Captioning Institute (NCI)
(1980) Zenith first manufacture w/ built in computer processor chip to show captions w/o decoders (Telecaptions)
(7/1/1993) Bush signs ADA that all TV sets with 13" + screens require to have built-in captioning capability
1/1/2006 all tv programs were to be captioned
Stenographers (home-based) encoder
Captions work for senior citizens and loud places eg. restaurants, bars
Spin Offs
Communication Access Real-time Translation (CART)
C Print programs
In Theater
Open Caption - "burned on" film
Rear Window Captioning - projected on transparent screen units mounted on seat cup holders
Personal-size captioning - Personal Captioning Systems, Inc. of IL, wireless radio transmission, palm sized device shows captioning
Eyeglassees featuring a captioning unit attached via clip-on eyeglasses
Printed Telephone
Robert Weitbrecht invented acoustic coupler enabling Western Union teletypewriters (TTY)
TTY-to-TTY
TTY first time deaf persons possessed a phone
Telecommunications for Deaf (TDI)
Publish annual telephone directory; 1st directory had 145 listings "
The Blue Book
"
(1974) I. Lee Brody 1st braille TTY
Relay
Communication Assistant (CA)
1960s
State programs had limited funding, restricted hours, limited user calls 10-20 min.
(1990) ADA Title IV -telephone companies provide relay by 3/1/01
711 similar to 911 & 411
(VoIP) Video relay services through webcams and voice-over Internet protocol technology
Video Phone
Sorenson Communications (2003)
Ed Bosson -
Public Utility Commision
Video Relay Sevice (VRS)
Video Relay Interpreting (VRI)
VRS
VRI = Video Remote Interpreting
Schools, off-site, medical police stations
(DHHCAN)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Consumer Advisory Board
Association of Late Deafened Adults (ALDA)
Hearing Loss Association of America
(HLA formerly known as SHHH)
National Exchange Carriers Association
(NECA)