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Chapter 1 (explore the network), Chapter 1.3 Interpret Reference Model of…

- - - - • A network can be as small as two computers connected by a cable in a home office or as large as several thousand computers connected across the world via a combination of cable, phone lines, and cellular links.
      - • They might communicate through copper wires, fiber-optic cable, or radio waves as transmission media.
      - • A network is a group of computers and other devices (such as printers) that are connected by some type of transmission media.
  - - - • Networks enable multiple users to share resources (devices and data)
      - • Saves money
      - • Saves time.
      - • Network allow you to manage, or administer, resources on multiple computers from a central location.
    - - Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs
      - Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs
      - Undesirable Sharing
      - Illegal or Undesirable Behaviour
      - Data Security Concerns
  - - - CLIENT AND SERVER NETWORK
        
        • Another way of designing a network is to use a central computer, known as a server; to facilitate communication and resource sharing between other computers on the network, which are known as clients.
        • A network that uses a server to enable clients to share data, data storage space, and devices is known as a client/server network.
        • A client/server architecture is sometimes used to refer to the design of a network in which clients rely on servers for resource sharing and processing.
  - - - -Small home network
      - -Small office/home office network
      - -World wide network
      - Medium to large network
    - - The two most common types of network infrastructures are: -Local Area Network (LAN) -Wide Area Network (WAN)
      - Other types of networks include:
        -Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
        -Wireless LAN (WLAN)
        -Storage Area Network (SAN)
        -Personal Area Network (PAN)
    - - THE INTERNET
        Internet is connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers. When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.
      - THE INTRANETS AND THE EXTRANETS
        
        a. Extranet
        
        shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries
        
        b. Intranet
        
        shared content accessed by members within a single organization
- - - - Destination (Receiver) - The destination receives the message and interprets it
        
        Channel (Media) - Provides to the pathway over which the message can travel from the source to the destination
- - - - Development of TCP/IP - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the predecessor to today's Internet.
        
        Communication Process - When sending data from a web server to a client the encapsulation procedure would be as follows:
        
        The webserver prepares the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) page. The HTTP application layer protocol sends the data to the transport layer.
        
        The transport layer breaks the data into segments and identifies each.
        
        Next the IP source and destination addresses are added, creating an IP Packet.
        
        The Ethernet information is then added creating the Ethernet Frame, or data link frame.
        
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  - - - Protocol Suites and Industry Standards - A protocol suite is a set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services. The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, and any vendor is able to implement these protocols on their hardware or in their software.
- - - - Fostering competition because products from different vendors can work together.
        
        Preventing technology changes in one layer from affecting other layers.
        
        Providing a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities
  - - - Similarities
        
        -share similar architecture
        
        share a common application layer
        
        both models have comparable transport and network layers
        
        knowledge of both models is required by networking professionals
      - Differences
        
        the protocol is standard
        
        combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer
        
        combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the network access layer
        
        it is in a simpler model
- - - - Protocol - It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating to each other
- - - - Unicast Message - One-to-one delivery
      - Multicast Message - One-to-Many delivery
      - Broadcast Message - One-to-All delivery