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KIN WEEK 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - frontal structure involved in speech production
      - brocas aphasia; speech/ language impairment
        
        slow and difficult speech
        
        able to underdstand, but hard to produce words
      - left hemisphere
    - - left hemisphere, posterior temporal lobe
      - speech perception
      - wernicke's aphasia
        
        non-fluent speech (gibberish)
  - - - pathway is cut, individual areas are still in tact
        
        lesion on left side
      - "total man"
        
        can only count to 10 and say the word total
        
        words are bilaterally organized and automated speech is lateralized to both hemispheres (majority in left hemisphere)
  - - - 99% chance of having left hemispheric lateralization for speech
    - - 90-95% of speech lateralization to the left hemisphere
  - - - has 2 million connections
    - - cut the corpus callosum to show all activities are controlled by both hemisphere (independently)
      - found no personality change
      - study (monkeys)
        
        monkeys retrieve food in each hand only through touch (no visual)
        
        hemispheres can operate independently without info transfer
        
        monkeys look into an eyehole at 2 symbols
        
        right hand couldn't do the task since left eye and left brain was not sharing info
      - study (humans)
        
        split-brain patient could not name a picture flashed to left visual field but he could draw it (unconscious process)
- - - - ideomotor; patient understand what they should do but can't carry out the task
      - ideational; can't remember how to perform an action
      - both types use their left hand because they have paralysis in right hand from a right hemisphere lesion
        
        ipsilesional (same side)
  - - - typically clumsy
      - curable
  - - - not optimized for sharing info between hemispheres
    - - right hemisphere functions in a normal person are lateralized to left hemisphere in someone with down syndrome
      - exception of motor functions (not reversed)
    - - right = speech perception, left = speech production
      - perceive and produce speech with both hemispheres
      - struggle with verbal to motor behaviours
      - perform well when given visual information
- - - - neurons that extend from M1 to the bulb/ brain stem control facial muscles and muscles of mastication
    - - Corticobulbar tract
        
        involves
        
        caudal component
        
        innervates lower facial musculature and innervation is contralateral (opposite side)
        
        rostral component
        
        innervates upper facial musculature and innervation is bilateral (left and right)
        
        corticobulbar tract injury
        
        lower motor neuron injury resulting in Bell's Palsy
        
        complete paralysis on one side of upper and lower musculature of face from neural inflammation
        
        no neurons can innervate on the contralesional side (upper and lower)
        
        upper motor neuron injury resulting In selective paralysis contralateral to lesion
        
        lower facial musculature on contralateral side of lesion will have paralysis
        
        contralesional caudal component shut off on one side
        
        upper facial musculature will still be innervated by the other rostral components despite the lesion
      - corticospinal tract
        
        M1 to spinal cord
        
        descend as uncrossed fibres in ventral columns of the spinal cord
        
        innervates axial musculature
        
        few monosynaptic connections
        
        motor connections are proprispinal or interneuron mediated
  - - - important because one neuron innervates many other neurons and allows for various muscle groups to be coordinated together
      - propriospinal mediated
      - many connections to alpha motor neurons
      - good for movement requiring specific muscle groups
  - - - 70-80% of fibres intersect at the level of the pyramids in the brain stem
        
        pyramidal decussation (intersection)
        
        upper motor neuron cross over below the brain stem into the spinal cord
    - - allows for independent digit control
    - - directly connect with an alpha motor neuron
    - - precision grip in rodents and monkeys and humans
        
        index of dexterity
        
        rats can only perform power grip due to no monosynaptic connections
        
        precision grip is dependent on monosynaptic connections and the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials