Schema: Schema is the cognitive structures that help us organize knowledge in our memory in the form as schemas which effects how we process information as well as behavior in a setting
Bartlett (1920)
Aim: Bralettes aim was to investigate how cultural and social components can influence schema which effects memory distortion
Results: After the study as the number of reproductions increased the story started to become shorter as well as there were more changes such as hunting seal became fishing and canoes became boats which helps show the alteration of culturally unfamiliar things which was altered which what they were familiar with
Method: participants read War of the Ghost twice and then after 15 minutes were asked to recall The story
Loftus & Palmer, 1974
Results: L & P were able to conclude that when wording a question it can have an effect on out schema which had influenced the speed estimates which shows how eyewitness can not be very reliable
Method: In order to investigate how language effects memory two experiments were done the first experiment was a lab experiment and the participants were asked how fast the cars were going when they (bumped/ collided/ smashed/hit/ contacted) with each other? as well for group 2 was did they see broken glass
Aim: To see how language is used in eyewitness and how it effects memory
Evaluate Two Models of One Cognitive Process: Memory is a mental process that encodes retrieves and stores information. Which goes through a series of processes including encoding, storage and retrieval. Which in totals there are two types of memory models
Multi store memory 
Consist of three memory stories Sensory memory and short term memory and long term memory Short Term Memory: which is a limited storing memory that holds information for only a short period of time Long Term Memory: Holds the most memory and is hold for a bit llong period of time sensory memory: A storage system which holds information unprocessed and soon after the stimulus it is no longer useable
Working memory model 
The WMM is the aspect that is able to represent memory usually being short term memory or immediate memory this memory aspect is usually used when working on complex things which in result you would have to remember a lot more and store more things it’s better than the MSM because it allows you to have one more way of processing or transferring information it’s also know as a multi component system including many things such as central executive visual special sketch pad phonological loop and episodic buffer
Central Executive: Is a controlling system that is able to monitor and coordinate other systems of the components which also transfer information to the subsystems including the phonological loop the visuospatial pad and which information is required to enter which sub system which all depends on the task that is being done
Visual Sketchpad: It’s function is to handle visual and. Special form sensory memory or long term memory
Episodic buffer: It’s a limited capacity storage system which is the interference of the other sub systems in memory
Phonological Loop:
It’s a limited capacity storage system which is the interference of the other sub systems in memory
Baddeley & Hitch, 1974, 2000
Link Title
Experiment 1Aim: To investigate the encryption of short term memory
Methods: Participants were given words some sounded the same such as cat, mat others were significantly different such as pen and cow some had similar meanings such as boat and ship and finally words that were no were near similar in sounding or meaning.
Results: in the study it was found that many of th participants were able to recall words that acoustically different than acoustically similar words this helps show Stm is addected by sounds and words depending on the person
Experiment 2 Aim: To investigate Ltm
Method: particiapnts were given the same list as for the experiment 1 and after readign the words more time was sued to wait in order for teh Long term to take effect
Results: In experiment 2 it was found that there is a recall effect by the meaning of words which shows that people recall words better in long terms by there meaning
Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966
Glazer & Cunitz, 1966: tested on that short term memory and as well as long term memory are separate storages
The researchers used 240 army participants and a list of words was given and had to memories
It was found that words stored in the beginning were able to recall them very clearly which shows that the 30 seconds does not effect the recall time which helps support the MSM showing we have separate memory stores
Evaluate the Extent to Which a Cognitive Process is Reliable
Loftus & Pickrell, 1995
Aim: how implanting false memories change a person overall memory
People were put into two different groups one was controlled while the other was not the difference in groups was to see how well the would memorize a incident while one group was implanted with false memory researchers gathered information of how well they were able to memorize the incident
Results: In this experiment it was found that 68% of the true memories were found. As well as 7 out of 24 people said that they had remembered the false incident. As well as the rate of which people recalled the incident was great. So what this is able to conclude with in the study is that people can be mislead by the information most importantly in their childhood which can be manipulated by a person that is most reliable like a relative. In loftus study she was able to change a persons mind into believing that in there childhood they were lost in a mall.
Evaluate one Theory of How Emotion May Affect Memory
Sharot, 2007
To investigate how emotion may effect ones cognitive procrss and to determine the factors of the flash buld memories
The Flash bulb memories is a emotionional memory which is triggered by a certain event
In the procedure participants gathered information on two words big summer and September which were the most important as this is because it will allow them to better understand if they were able to recall 911 as well all these participants were chosen because they took part of 9/11
Amylga storage of memories in the brain
Results/finding: it was found that the people downtown during the tragedy 9/11 had activated Amalga this was because they were able to recall the events as long as they recalled the control events. while people in the midtown are participants were not able to activate the Amalga. which helps show that flashbulb memories are moved vivid because of the emotional process of the amygdala
Discuss positive and negative effects of digital technology on cognitive processes. (HL only)
Rosser, 2007
Procedure: Before starting the experiment researchers gathered information on the surgeons on how much they played video games surgeons on how much they played after this different games were given to different surgeons to see how much they have grown. By this researchers gathered information on how well they performed on surgeries after playing video games.
variables
DV: the performance of surgeons and how ell they did
CG: None
CV’s: was the types of games which was based on experience and their level on video games
Results and finding:In the research, it was found that people who played 3hours of video games made 37% fewer mistakes in surgeries as well as a 27% faster completion. Video game players who currently played made 32% fewer errors performed 24% faster and scored 26% better overall than the surgeons who didn’t play video games. this had shown that surgeons who played video games had performed better which had shown a correlation between video games and laparoscopic skills which can prove that video games can be helpful.
IV: types of video games
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