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EBIO2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - slime molds:::
        -multucellular protists related to amoebas
        -feed on dead plant material
        plasmodial slime mods:
        feeding body is an amoeboid mass called PLASMODIUM-single cell w many nuclei
        -extends pseudopodia amongst decaying plant matter
        -when it runs out of food or environment dries, slime mold grows reproductive structures
        cellular slide mods:
        -feeding stage= solitary amoeboid cells that function independently
        
        unicellular+colonial algae::::
        algae= protists and cyanobacteria's photosynthesis which supports food chains in aquatic life
        unicellular algae: dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae
        -components of phytoplankton-(photosynthetic organisms) that drift near surfaces of bodies of water
        dinoflagellates-
        -has a characteristic shape reinforced by external plates made of cellulose
        -2 flagella for movement
        -can cause water to turn pinkish orange- masss amounts can cause fish kills
        diatoms-
        -glassy cell walls w silica which store food reserves in oil form for buoyancy
        -organic remains of diatoms are thought to be main component of oil deposits
        green algae-
        -green grass cholorplasts
        -flourish in freshwater lakes and ponds, home pools, and aquariums
        
        seaweeds::
        -large, multicellular marine algae
        -grow on rocky shores + offshore
        -similarities btwn algae and plants= convergent evolution
        -closest relative= unicellular algae
        3 groups- dependent mostly on pigment color:
        red algae, brown algae, green algae
        marine algae= rich in iodine and other essential minerals
        much of organic materials humans cant digest
  - - - mosses/warts::: bryophytes
        -first land plants
        2 key terrestrial adaptations:
        1.waxy cuticle prevents dehydration
        2.retention of developing embryos within female plant
        -no vascular tissue to carry water from soil to aerial parts of plant
        2 types of moss: -gametophyte- green sponge like; cells- haploid
        sporophyte- grows as stalk with capsule @ tip out of gametophyte-diploid
        -gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs)-> zygotes->new sporophyte
        2 take turns producing each other= alternation of generations
        -gametophyte= dominant
        
        ferns:::
        -most diverse vascular plant (have vascular tissue)
        -have roots, leaves, stems, and trunks
        -reproduce by spores
        -sperm have flagella and need water to swim to eggs
        -can make fossil fuels
        -sporophyte=dominant
        
        gymnosperms:::
        -most successful earliest seed plant
        -first plants to have novel mechanisms of dispersal and protecting their embryos in dry environments
        conifers:
        -most common gymnosperms-pines, firs, spruces, junipers, cedars, redwoods
        -tallest, largest, oldest organism on earth
        -nearly all retain leaves throughout year
        -needle shaped leaves- adapted to survive dry seasons
        -thick cuticle covers the leaf, stomata located in pits further reduces water loss
        -very productive
        terrestrial adaptations:
        -reduction of gametophyte
        +conifer- sporophyte w tiny gametophytes in cones
        
        gymnosperm gametophyte is dependent /protected by tissues of parent sporophyte
        
        -pollen
        +pollen grain= reduced male gametophyte-houses cells that form sperm
        +pollination= delivers pollen from male to female part w wind instead of needing h20
        -seeds
        +seeds are plant embryo packed w food supply in protective coat
        +develop from ovules (structures w female gametophyte)
        +in conifers- ovules are on scales of female cone and can remain dormant until favorable conditions
        -sporophyte= dominant
        
        angiosperms:::
        -dominate modern landscape
        -rely on wind pollination ex. grass and trees have smaller flowers bc their reproductive energy is making mass pollen for release into the wind
        adaptations:
        -vascular tissue
        +make water transport more efficient
        -flowers
        +site of procreation
        +help attract insects and other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to another
        flower parts:
        sepals=outer layer- usually green
        petals= colorful/ showy to attract pollinators
        stamens= male reproductive structures
        +anther= sac @ top of stamen- where pollen grains develop
        carpel= center of flower- female reproductive structure
        +ovary= protective chamber w 1+ ovule/ where eggs develop/ in carpel
        +stigma= sticky @ tip of carpel that traps pollen
        pollen= contains plant sperm
  - - - Phylum Chytridiomycota:
        -simple and most primitive fungi
        -decomposers// have a lot in common with protists
        -mutualistic/ parasites
        -most= single celled// have chitin in walls
        
        Phylum Zygomycota:
        -"pin/"sugar/ bread molds
        -most ecologically diverse
        -usually reproduce asexually-> sporangiospores
        -saprobes, live off decaying matter
        
        Phylum Glomeromycota:
        -only 230 species
        -don't survive without plants
        -give carbon/nitrogen/etc to plants-80-90% plants have a mycorrhizae mutualism w them
        
        Phylum Asomycota:sac fungi
        -yeasts, morels, truffles, some molds
        -often parasitize plants and animals (including humans)
        -majority of known fungi belong to this phylum
        -can infect crops + destroy them; produce metabolites which make them unfit for consumption
        
        Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi
        -jelly and shelf fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, some yeasts, rust