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The Cognitive Perspective, Not necessarily traditionally 'positive'…
The Cognitive Perspective
Learning
Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning (
Pavlovian
)
Five Primary Components
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Primarily unconscious associations formed between two stimuli
Operant Conditioning (
Instrumental
)
Reinforcement
Positive
adding a stimulus that is likely to increase the reoccurrence of a behavior
Negative
removing a stimulus thus making the behavior more likely to occur
consequences that strengthen, or
reinforce
, behaviors
Punishment
Positive
adding a stimulus that is likely to decrease the reoccurrence of a behavior
Negative
removing a stimulus thus making the behavior less likely to occur
consequences that will
weaken
behaviors
Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules
Associations formed between actions and their outcomes
Memory Systems
Long-term Memory (LTM)
Capacity is huge and can span years/decades/permanently
Short-term Memory (STM)
Working Memory
Typically available for only a short amount of time (20-30 sec), i.e. capacity
New information can interfere with what is currently in working memory
Sensory Registers
holds mental representations of the senses for a very short amount of time (.5-2 sec)
Implicit Memory
recalling information that we don't remember deliberately, no conscious effort to recall
Explicit Memory
involves the conscious representation of information that has been stored in the LTM
Thought Processes
Schemas
Scripts
enter a novel situation and behave in a way that is appropriate, even if we have never been in that exact situation before
“preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.” (King, 2017)
Categorization
process of recognizing when something is similar to other examples
A
concept
serves as the primary mental representation of a category
Reasoning
Inductive
projection of specific instances onto a more general population
Deductive
reasoning out a specific claim from more general assumptions using
logic
the process of generating and evaluating beliefs, arguments, and solutions to problems
Not necessarily traditionally 'positive' or 'negative'
example of
